Analyzing the Web Sites of Metropolitan Municipalities in Turkey in Terms of Digital Access Indicators

Authors

  • Hasan Tutar Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University, Faculty of Communication; Affiliated University, Istanbul Commerce University http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8383-1464
  • İsmail Hakkı Parlak Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University, Faculty of Engineering
  • Ferruh Tuzcuoğlu Sakarya University, Faculty of Political Sciences
  • Nuran Öztürk Başpınar Anadolu University, Eskisehir Vocational High School
  • Selçuk Nam Sakarya University, Adapazari Vocational High School

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.4335/21.2.471-494(2023)

Keywords:

e-government, digital accessibility, metropolitan municipalities, local governments

Abstract

E-government and e-municipality practices, which have gained critical importance in terms of the spread of citizen-oriented service and participatory management approach in local governments, have become a state policy in many countries. In Turkey, within the framework of restructuring the public administration and the e-transformation strategy, e-municipality practices are being expanded in local governments. One of the critical developments in the field of public administration in Turkey recently is e-government applications and e-municipality, which is its reflection on local governments. E-municipality applications are used as a local government strategy to quickly meet the citizens' municipal needs and reduce service costs. In this study, e-municipality services of metropolitan municipalities in Turkey; It is intended to be analyzed in terms of accessibility, performance, Searches Engine Optimization, and Best Practice indicators. The research findings show that the e-municipal services of metropolitan municipalities in Turkey should be improved significantly, given the mentioned indicators.

References

About PageSpeed Insights (2022), available at: https://developers.google.com/speed/docs/insights/v5/about (December 6, 2022).

Accessibility Audits (2022), available at: https://developer.chrome.com/docs/lighthouse/accessibility/? utm_source=lighthouse&utm_medium=lr (December 7, 2022).

An, D. (2018) Find out How You Stack up to New Industry Benchmarks for Mobile Page Speed, available at: https://www.thinkwithgoogle.com/marketing-strategies/app-and-mobile/mobile-page-speed-new-industry-benchmarks/ (December 7, 2022).

Arifoğlu, A., Kömes, A., Yazıcı, A., Akgül, M.K. & Ayvalı, A. (2002) E-Devlet Yolunda Türkiye (Ankara: Türkiye Bilişim Derneği Yayınları).

Baştan, S. & Gökbunar, R. (2004) Kamu Hizmetlerinin Sunumunda E-Devletle İlgili Yeni Gelişmeler: Tümleşik E-Devlet Sistemlerine Doğru, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 19(1), pp. 71-89.

Clark, E. (2003) Managing The Transformation To E-Government: An Australian Perspective, Thunderbird International Business Review, 45(4), pp. 377–397, https://doi.org/10.1002/tie.10087.

Cleave, E., Arku, G. & Chatwin, M. (2017) Cities' economic development efforts in a changing global economy: Content analysis of economic development plans in Ontario, Canada, Area, 49(3), pp. 359–368, https://doi.org/10.1111/area.12335.

Cohen, L., Manion, L. & Morrison, K. (2007) Research methods in education (New York: Routledge), https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203029053.

Custom Controls Have ARIA Roles (2019) available at: https://developer.chrome.com/docs/lighthouse/ accessibility/custom-control-roles/ (December 7, 2022).

Custom Controls Have Associated Labels (2019) available at: https://developer.chrome.com/docs/lighthouse/ accessibility/custom-controls-labels/ (December 7, 2022).

Dawes, S. S. (2008) The evolution and continuing challenges of e‐governance, Public Administration Review, 68(1), pp. 86–102, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2008.00981.x.

Delitheou, V. & Maraki, M. (2010) Research into citizens' attitudes towards municipal electronic services (e-local government), Journal of Public Administration and Policy Research, 2(3), pp. 39–45.

Demirel, D. (2010) Yönetişimde yeni bir boyut: E-yönetişim, Türk İdare Dergisi, 466, pp. 65-94.

Dodson, R. (2018) What Is Accessibility?, available at: https://web.dev/what-is-accessibility (December 7, 2022).

Doğan, C. K. & Ustakara, F. (2013) Kamuda bir yapılanma dönüşümü olarak e-devlet ve e-yönetişim ilişkisi üzerine, Küresel İktisat ve İşletme Çalışmaları Dergisi, 2(3), pp. 1-12.

DPT (2004) e-Dönüşüm Türkiye Projesi Kısa Dönem Eylem Planı, available at: http://afyonluoglu.org/PublicWebFiles/strategies/KDEP/KDEP_Kitapcik_092004. pdf (November 9, 2022).

Edmiston, K. (2003) State, and Local E-Government: Prospects and Challenges, The American Review of Public Administration, 33(1), pp. 20–45, https://doi.org/10.1177/0275074002250255.

Ersöz, S. (2005) İnternet ve demokrasinin geleceği, Selçuk İletişim Dergisi, 3(4), pp. 122-129.

Fang, Z. (2002) E-Government in Digital Era: Concept, Practice, and Development, International Journal of the Computer, Internet, and Management, 10(2), pp. 1–22.

Gallego-Álvarez, I., Rodríguez-Domínguez, L. & García-Sánchez, I. -M. (2010) Are determining factors of municipal e-government familiar to a worldwide municipal view? An intra-country comparison, Government Information Quarterly, 27(4), pp. 423-430, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2009.12.011.

Genel Belediye Listesi (2021), available at: https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx (December 9, 2022).

Geray, H. (2006) Toplumsal Araştırmalarda Nicel ve Nitel Yöntemlere Giriş (Ankara: Siyasal Kitabevi).

Google Search Essentials (2022), available at: https://developers.google.com/search/docs/essentials (December 11, 2022).

Göymen, K. (2000) Türkiye'de Yerel Yönetimler ve Yönetişim: Gereksinmeler, Önermeler, Yönelimler, Çağdaş Yerel Yönetimler Dergisi, 9(2), pp. 3-13.

Güler, B. A. (2001) Yerel Yönetimler ve Internet (İstanbul: HABİTAT II İstanbul. 5 Ülke Raporu).

Heeks, R. (2003) Most E-Government for Development Projects Fail: How Can Risks be Reduce?, iGovernment Working Paper Series, no. 14, https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3540052.

Henden, H. B. (2005) Katılımcı yerel yönetim anlayışında e-belediyeciliğin yeri ve önemi, Uluslararası İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi, 1(1), pp. 1-13.

HTML5 Landmark Elements Are Used to Improve Navigation (2019), available at: https://developer.chrome.com/ docs/lighthouse/accessibility/use-landmarks/ (December 7, 2022).

Irani, Z., Love, P., Elliman, T., Jones, S. & Themistocleous, M. (2005) Evaluating E‐Government: Learning from the Experiences of Two UK Local Authorities, Information Systems Journal, 15(1), pp. 61–82, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2575.2005.00186.x.

Jaeger, P. T. & Thompson, K. M. (2003) E-Government around the World: Lessons, Challenges and Future Directions, Government Information Quarterly, 20(4), pp. 389–394, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2003.08.001.

Jaeger, P. T. (2003) The Endless Wire: E-Government As Global Phenomenon, Government Information Quarterly, 20(4), pp. 323–331, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2003.08.003.

Karakaya, O. & Gaytancıoğlu, K. (2017) 6360 sayılı Kanunla Kurulan Büyükşehirlerde Dijitalleşme Çabaları: Tekirdağ Büyükşehir Belediyesi Örneği, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 22, pp. 1491-1504.

Kinder, T. (2002) Introducing an Infrastructure for Joined-up-government in Local Public Administration: a West Lothian Case Study, Research Policy, 31(3), pp. 329–355, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(01)00112–3.

King, S. & Cotterill, S. (2007) Transformational Government? The Role of Information Technology in Delivering Citizen-Centric Local Public Services, Local Government Studies, 33(3), pp. 333–354, https://doi.org/10.1080/03003930701289430.

Kraemer, K. & King, J. L. (2006) Information Technology and Administrative Reform: Will E-Government be Different?, International Journal of Electronic Government Research, 2(1), pp. 1-20, https://doi.org/10.4018/jegr.2006010101.

Lambrinoudakis, C., Gritzalis, S., Dridi, F. & Pernul, G. (2003) Security Requirements For E-Government Services: A Methodological Approach For Developing A Common PKI-Based Security Policy, Computer Communications, 26(16), pp. 1873-1883, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-3664(03)00082-3.

Layne, K. & Lee, J. (2001) Developing Fully Functional E-government: A Four-Stage Model, Government Information Quarterly, 18(2), pp. 122–136, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0740-624X(01)0066–1.

Lin, T. C., Lin, T. J. & Tsai, C. C. (2014) Research Trends in Science Education from 2008 to 2012: A Systematic Content Analysis of Publications in Selected Journals, International Journal of Science Education, 36(8), pp. 1346-1372, https://doi.org/10.1080/09500693.2013.864428.

Lofstedt, U. (2005) E-government-assessment of Current Research and Some Proposals for Future Directions, International Journal of Public Information Systems, 1(1), pp. 39–52.

Loomis, A., Davis, A., Cruden, G., Padilla, C. & Drazen, Y. (2021) Early childhood suspension and expulsion: A content analysis of state legislation, Early Childhood Education Journal, 50, pp. 327–344, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-021-01159-4.

López-Bonilla, L. M., Reyes-Rodríguez, M. C. & López-Bonilla, J. M. (2020) Golf tourism and sustainability: Content analysis and directions for future research, Sustainability, 12(9), pp. 1-18, https://doi.org/10.3390/su12093616.

Mecek, M. (2017) E-Devlet ve E-Belediye: Kavramsal Çerçeve ve Türkiye'de Belediye Web Sitelerine Yönelik Yapılan Çalışmalarin İncelenmesi, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 22(15), pp. 1815-1851.

Nohutçu, A. & Demirel, D. (2005) E-devlet: Genel Bir Çerçeve ve Teorik Bir Yaklaşım, Türk İdare Dergisi, 12(7), pp. 35-56.

Pagespeedapi: Runpagespeed (2021), available at: https://developers.google.com/speed/docs/insights/v5/ reference/ pagespeedapi/run page speed (December 7, 2022).

Parlak, İ. H. (2022) BB Web Site Stats Project, available at: https://github.com/ihpar/belediye (November 23, 2022).

Postacı, T. & ve Ayhan, A. (2013) E-dönüşümün Kent Yaşamına Etkileri (e-belediye) ve Yeni Beklentiler, Anahtar Dergisi, 29, pp. 17-19.

Reach & traffic (2022), available at: https://www.statista.com/markets/424/topic/539/reach-traffic/#overview (December 7, 2022).

Shah, A. & Shah, S. (2009) The New Vision of Local Governance and the Evolving Roles of Local Governments, Journal of Public Administration, 3(1), pp. 2–15.

Stahl, B. C. (2005) The Paradigm of E-commerce in E-government and E-democracy, In: Huang, W., Siau, K. & Wei, K. K. (ed.) Electronic Government Strategies and Implementation (Hershey: Idea Group Publishing), pp. 1-19, https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59140-348-7.ch001.

Tat‐Kei Ho, A. (2002) Reinventing Local Governments And The E‐Government Initiative, Public Administration Review, 62(4), pp. 434-444, https://doi.org/10.1111/0033-3352.00197.

Tejasvee, S. (2010) E-governance and effective deliverance of information and services to citizens architecture, International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technologies, 1(4), pp. 298–302.

The User's Focus Is Directed to New Content Added to the page (2019), available at: https://developer.chrome.com/ docs/lighthouse/accessibility/managed-focus/ (December 7, 2022).

Tolbert, C. & Mossberger, K. (2006) The Effects of E‐Government on Trust And Confidence in Government, Public Administration Review, 66(3), pp. 354-369, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2006.00594.x.

Tutar, H. & Erdem, A. T. (2022) Örnekleriyle Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri ve SPSS Uygulamaları (Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık).

Ültay, E., Dönmez, U. & Durmuş, T. (2017) Descriptive Content Analysis of Mental Model Studies in Education, Education for Life, 31(1), pp. 21-40.

Ulusoy, A. & Çobanoğulları, G. (2013) Trabzon Belediyesi Örneğinde E-Belediyecilik Uygulamaları, Türk İdare Dergisi, S.477, pp. 269-284.

UNESCO (2002) Country profıles of e-governance, available at: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000127601 (December 7, 2022).

Wagner, J. & Barry P. (2022) Time to First Byte (TTFB), available at: https://web.dev/ttfb/ (December 7, 2022).

Waisanen, B. (2002) The Future of E-government: Technology-fueled, Public Management, 84(5), pp. 6–9.

Walton, P. (2022) Largest Contentful Paint (LCP), available at: https://web.dev/lcp/ (December 5, 2022).

Walton, P. & Milica, M. (2022) Cumulative Layout Shift (CLS), available at: https://web.dev/cls/ (December 12, 2022).

Wiegand, M. (2022) Site Speed Is (Still) Impacting Your Conversion Rate, available at: https://www.portent.com/blog/analytics/research-site-speed-hurting-everyones-revenue.htm# (December 23, 2022).

Wimmer, M. A. (2002) A European Perspective Towards Online One-Stop Government: the eGOV Project, Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, 1(1), pp. 92–103, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1567-4223(02)00008-X.

Published

2023-04-17

Issue

Section

Article