Legislating Extra-Legal References: Naming the Criteria and Placing the Clauses (Polish and European Perspective)

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.4335/20.3.667-684(2022)

Keywords:

general clauses, legislative policy, names of extra-legal criteria, place of clauses in the system, type of political regime

Abstract

The aim of the study is the analysis of the role of legislating the extra-legal references in the form of general clauses in the statutory legal orders. The main features of legislative policy determine that it is in principle rational activity despite the fact that the objectives of the reference are not fully transparent. Although the clauses refer in a controlled and point-based manner to extra-legal values, in fact they extend the scope of judicial discretion, which allows for a departure in the processes of judicial application of the law from legislative intentions and expectations. Legislators of both in Polish and other European legal orders try to determine the functions of general clauses by giving appropriate names to the criteria of general clauses, by locating clauses in appropriate segments of the legal system and normative act as well as by defining the conditions for the application of clauses in a particular decisional process. The shape of all these activities depends on various factors. The most essential role among them is played however by the type of political system in which the clauses are created and of which properties determine the way of use of the clauses by the courts in processes of application of law.

References

Atienza M. & Manero J.R., (1999) A Theory of Legal Sentences (Dordrecht: Springer).
Biernat T. (2020) On the Lawmaking Policy, Discretion and Importance of the Rule of Law Standards, Studia Iuridica Lublinensia, 29(3), pp. 67-86, http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/sil.2020.29.3.67-85.
Bröstl A. (2020) A Jigsaw for rainy Days – How to Put Together the Pieces: Sopurces of Law, Form of Law, Principles, Standards, Rules and Norms – to get a Consistent Picture of Law?, Studia Iuridica Lublinensia, 29(3), pp. 13-28, http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/sil.2020.29.3.13-27.
Dworkin R. (1978) Taking Rights Seriously (Cambridge: Harvard University Press).
Ehrlich E. (1913) Grundlegung der Soziologie des Rechts (München-Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot).
Forsthoff E. (1961) Lehrbuch des Verwaltungsrechts, Allgemeine Teil (München-Berlin: C.H. Beck Verlag).
Gruchmann L. (1983) Rechtssystem und nationalistische Justizpolitik, In: Broszat M. & Möller H. (eds.) Das Dritte Reich (München: C.H. Beck Verlag), pp. 83-103.
Haftl B. (2000) Das nationalsozialistische Willenstrafrecht (Berlin: Weissensee Verlag).
Harris D.J., O’Boyle M. & Warbrick C. (1995) Law of the European Convention on Human Rights (London: Butterworths).
Hedemann J.W. (1933) Die Flucht in die Generalklauseln, Eine Gefahr für Recht und Staat (Tübingen: J.C.B. Mohr).
Horak F (1969) Rationes Decidendi, Enstcheidungsbegründungen bei den alteren römischen Juristen bis Labeo (Aalen: Scientia Verlag).
Ihering R. (1884) Der Zweck im Recht (Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel).
Itoh H. (1970) How Judges Think in Japan, The American Journal of Comparative Law, 18(4), pp. 775-804, https://doi.org/10.2307/839013.
Kaser M. (1975) Das Römische Privatrecht, Die Nachklassischen Entwicklungen (München: C.H. Beck).
Kordela M. (2020) Inter- and Extra-Legal Axiology, Studia Iuridica Lublinensia, 29(3), pp. 29-38, http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/sil.2020.29.3.29-38.
Leszczyński L. (2001) Stosowanie generalnych klauzul odsyłających (Kraków: Zakamycze).
Leszczyński L. (2020) Open Axiology in Judicial Interpretation of Law and Possible Misuse of Discretion, Studia Iuridica Lublinensia, 29(3), pp. 39-54, http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/sil.2020.29.3.39-54.
Majer D. (1987) Grundlagen der nationalistichen Rechtssystems: Führerprinzip, Sonderrecht, Einheitspartei (Stuttgart: Kohlhammer).
Martin J.E. & Hanbury H.G. (1993) Modern Equity (London: Sweel & Maxwell).
Peters A. (2011) Soft Law as a New Mode of Governance, In: Diedrichs U., Reiners W. & Wessels W. (eds.) The Dynamics of Change in EU Governance (Northampton: Edward Elgar Publishing), pp. 21-51.
Pound R. (1960) The Formative Era of American Law (New Haven: P. Smith).
Rümelin M. (1921) Die Billigkeit im Recht (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck).
Stubenrauch M. (1898) Commentar zur österreiche allgemeinen bürgerlichen Gesetzbuch (Wien: Manz’sche k.k. Hof-Verlags- und Universitätsbuchhandlung).
Taubenschlag R. (1969) Rzymskie prawo prywatne (Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe).
Tuor P. (1934) Das Schweizerische Zivilgesetzbuch (Zürich: Polygraphischer).
Young M.K. (1986) The Japanese Legal System, History and Structure, In: Kitagawa Z. (ed.) Doing Business in Japan (New York: Mathew Bender), pp. 1-45.

Published

2022-06-21

Issue

Section

Article