Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Local Finance and Development Strategies. Case of Urban and Rural Areas in the Mazovia Region
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.4335/20.4.809-836(2022)Keywords:
COVID-19, local government, local budget, local development, local self-government, urban and rural areasAbstract
The paper aims to investigate the economic consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic through the prism of local finances in the Mazovia region. The rationale for this research comes from the observation that lockdown and a reduced economic activity affect revenues of local budgets. Thus, a question arises about the effect of decreased local budgets on local expenditure and the implementation of development strategies. The method applied was a survey carried out on a sample consisting of all the local administrative units (LAU) in the region. The results show that the "scissors effect" of rising expenditure and falling revenues applies to all the LAU. The analysis provides evidence that the characteristics of urban and rural LAU have consequences not only for their resilience against the COVID-19 pandemic but influence their strategies and actions adopted in response to the crisis.
References
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Conte, A., Lecca, P., Sakkas, S. & Salotti, S. (2020) The territorial economic impact of Covid-19 in the EU. A Rhomolo analysis, Territorial Development – JRC Policy Insights, July 2020 (European Commission), pp. 1-4, available at: https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/publication/eur-scientific-and-technical-research-reports/territorial-economic-impact-covid-19-eu-rhomolo-analysis (June 18, 2021).
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Delventhal, M., Kwon, E. & Parkhomenko, A. (2022) JUE Insight: How Do Cities Change When We Work from Home?, Journal of Urban Economics, 127, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2021.103331.
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Douglas, J. W. & Raudla, R. (2020) What Is the Remedy for State and Local Fiscal Squeeze During the COVID-19 Recession? More Debt, and That Is Okay, The American Review of Public Administration, 50(6–7), pp. 584-589, https://doi.org/10.1177/0275074020941717.
Economic Observatory (2020) Why has coronavirus affected cities more than rural areas? (Nations, Regions & Cities), available at: https://www.economicsobservatory.com/why-has-coronavirus-affected-cities-more-rural-areas (May 12, 2021).
Emergency Governance Initiative (2020) The COVID-19 Response: Governance Challenges and Innovations by Cities and Regions, Emergency Governance Initiative Analytics Note #2, Policy Briefs and Analytics Notes (LSE Cities), pp. 1–10, available at: https://www.lse.ac.uk/Cities/Assets/Documents/EGI-Publications/AN02-EN.pdf (February 18, 2022).
Emergency Governance Initiative (2021) The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Subnational Finances, Emergency Governance Initiative Analytics Note #3, Policy Briefs and Analytics Notes (LSE Cities), pp. 1–4, available at: https://www.lse.ac.uk/Cities/publications/Policy-Briefs-and-Analytics-Notes/Analytics-Note-02-The-COVID-19-Response-Governance-Challenges-and-Innovations-by-Cities-and-Regions (June 1, 2021).
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Ezcurra, R. (2020) The economic development of Europe’s regions: A quantitative history since 1900, Regional Studies, 54(3), pp. 440-441, https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2019.1690782.
Green, D. & Loualiche, E. (2021) State and local government employment in the COVID-19 crisis, Journal of Public Economics, 193, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104321.
ICAEW (2020) Coronavirus Economic Outlook: Differences between regions, (May 22, 2020) (Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales), available at: https://www.icaew.com/technical/economy/economic-insight/coronavirus-uk-economic-outlook-differences-across-regions?fromSearch=1 (April 17, 2021).
Kemeny, T. & Storper, M. (2020) The fall and rise of interregional inequality: Explaining shifts from convergence to divergence, Scienze Regionali, 19(2), pp. 175-198, https://doi.org/10.14650/97084.
Kim, Y. & Warner, M.E. (2021) Pragmatic municipalism or austerity urbanism? Understanding local government responses to fiscal stress, Local Government Studies, 47(2), pp. 234-252, https://doi.org/10.1080/03003930.2020.1729751.
Kochanov, P., Hong, Y. & Mutambatsere, E. (2020) COVID-19’s Impact on Sub-National Governments (Washington: International Finance Corporations World Bank Group), available at: https://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/industry_ext_content/ifc_external_corporate_site/infrastructure/resources/covid-19+impact+on+sub-national+governments (May 12, 2021).
Maher, C. S., Hoang, T. & Hindery, A. (2020) Fiscal Responses to COVID ‐19: Evidence from Local Governments and Nonprofits, Public Administration Review, 80(4), pp. 644–650, https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.13238.
Mooney, H. & Zegarra, M. A. (2020) Extreme Outlier: The Pandemic’s Unprecedented Shock to Tourism in Latin America and the Caribbean, Policy Brief No. IDB-PB-339 (Inter-American Development Bank), http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002470.
Muro, M., Whiton, J. & Maxim, R. (2020) COVID-19 is hitting the nation’s largest metros the hardest, making a “restart” of the economy more difficult (Washington: Brookings Institution), available at: https://www.brookings.edu/blog/the-avenue/2020/04/01/why-it-will-be-difficult-to-restart-the-economy-after-covid-19/ (June 11, 2021).
Nemec, J. & Špaček, D. (2020) The Covid-19 pandemic and local government finance: Czechia and Slovakia, Journal of Public Budgeting, Accounting & Financial Management, 32(5), pp. 837–846, https://doi.org/10.1108/JPBAFM-07-2020-0109.
Nocco, A. (2005) The rise and fall of regional inequalities with technological differences and knowledge spillovers, Regional Science and Urban Economics, 35(5), pp. 542-569, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2004.08.001.
OECD (2020a) The territorial impact of COVID-19: Managing the crisis across levels of government, OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus, (June 16, 2020) (OECD), available at: https://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/the-territorial-impact-of-covid-19-managing-the-crisis-across-levels-of-government-d3e314e1/ (June 5, 2021).
OECD (2020b) COVID-19 and fiscal relations across levels of government, OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19), (July 31, 2020) (OECD), available at: https://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/covid-19-and-fiscal-relations-across-levels-of-government-ab438b9f/ (June 11, 2021).
OECD (2020c) Policy Implications of Coronavirus Crisis for Rural Development, OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19), (June 16, 2020) (OECD), available at: https://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/covid-19-and-fiscal-relations-across-levels-of-government-ab438b9f/ (June 1, 2021).
OECD (2020d) Cities Policy Responses, OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (OECD), available at: http://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/cities-policy-responses-fd1053ff/ (June 6, 2021).
Phillipson, J., Bennett, K., Lowe, P. & Raley, M. (2004) Adaptive responses and asset strategies: The experience of rural micro-firms and Foot and Mouth Disease, Journal of Rural Studies, 20(2), pp. 227–243, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2003.08.006.
Phillipson, J., Gorton, M., Turner, R., Shucksmith, M., Aitken-McDermott, K., Areal, F., Cowie, P., Hubbard, C., Maioli, S., McAreavey, R., Souza-Monteiro, D., Newbery, R., Panzone, L., Rowe, F. & Shortall, S. (2020) The COVID-19 Pandemic and Its Implications for Rural Economies, Sustainability, 12(10), pp. 1-9, https://doi.org/10.3390/su12103973.
Rada Ministrów (2020) Sprawozdanie z wykonania budżetu państwa za okres od 1 stycznia do 31 grudnia 2019 r. Informacja o wykonaniu budżetów jednostek samorządu terytorialnego (Ministerstwo Finansów RP), available at: https://www.gov.pl/web/finanse/sprawozdanie-roczne-za-2019-rok (April 21, 2021).
Rosés, J. R. & Wolf, N. (2018) The Economic Development of Europe’s Regions. A Quantitative History since 1900 (Abingdon, New york: Routlege), https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429449789.
Sánchez, J. & Wilkinson, O. (2020) How COVID-19 Has Affected the Municipal Bond Market (Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis), available at: https://www.stlouisfed.org/publications/regional-economist/fourth-quarter-2020/how-covid-affected-municipal-bond-market?print=true (April 20, 2021).
Sandford, M. & Muldon-Smith, K. (2020) Covid-19 has emphasised the importance of the local state—But how to solve a problem like local government funding? (LSE Blog), available at: https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/local-government-funding/ (June 1, 2021).
Shon, J. & Kwak, S. (2020) Managing Fiscal Volatility: An Empirical Analysis of California County Governments’ Saving Behavior, American Review of Public Administration, 50(3), pp. 328-345.
Wolman, H. (1983) Understanding Local Government Responses to Fiscal Pressure: A Cross National Analysis, Journal of Public Policy, 3(3), pp. 245–263, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0143814X00005936.
World Bank (2020) COVID-19: Safeguarding Lives and Livelihoods – A Checklist Guide for Local Governments (World Bank Group: Urban, Disasters Risk Management, Resilience & Land).
Yadavalli, A., McFarland, C. K. & Wagner, S. (2020) What Covid-19 means for city finances (National League of Cities), available at: https://covid19.nlc.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/What-Covid-19-Means-For-City-Finances_Report-Final.pdf (June 15, 2021).
