Functional Regions as Bases for Provinces in Slovenia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.4335/19.3.1065-1094(2021)Keywords:
province, administrative region, functional region, regionalization, SloveniaAbstract
Socio-economically based functional regions, which are partially self-contained economic areas, are often more suitable for various structural analyses, implementation of state and regional policies, development of state administration, planning and monitoring of spatial development, identification of spatial disparities and other analyses of socio-economic relations than the traditional historically and geographically based administrative regions. This article therefore examines the assumption that functional regions are a suitable basis for the formation of territorial provinces in Slovenia. We have modelled the functional regions of Slovenia according to the established and internationally accepted method CURDS and compared them with the current proposals for provinces and established statistical regions in Slovenia. The results show a very strong functional contiguity and a good economic balance of eight provinces and a very good population balance of the provinces with two special status urban municipalities.
References
Act No. 28/2000 (2000) Uredba o standardni klasifikaciji teritorialnih enot, Uradni list Republike Slovenije, available at https://www.uradni-list.si/glasilo-uradni-list-rs/vsebina/2000-01-1268/uredba-o-standardni-klasifikaciji-teritorialnih-enot (June 27, 2021).
Abler, R., Adams, J. S. & Gould, P. (1972) Spatial Organization: the Geographer's View of the World (London: Prentice-Hall).
Alvanides, S., Openshaw, S. & Duke-Williams, O. (2000) Designing zoning systems for flow data, In: Atkinson, P. & Martin, D. (eds) GIS and GeoComputation: Innovations in GIS 7 (New York: Taylor and Francis Publishing, Inc.), pp. 115–134.
Andersen, A. K. (2002) Are commuting areas relevant for the delimitation of administrative regions in Denmark?, Regional Studies, 36(8), pp. 833–844, https://doi.org/10.1080/0034340022000012289.
Ball, R. M. (1980) The use and definition of Travel-to-Work areas in Great Britain: Some problems, Regional Studies 14(2), pp. 125–139, https://doi.org/10.1080/09595238000185121.
Brezovnik, B., Holcman, B. & Trpin, G. (Eds.) (2020) Pokrajine v Sloveniji (Maribor: Inštitut za lokalno samoupravo Maribor), available at: http://www.pokrajine.si/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Pokrajine-Zbornik_knjiga_28.6.2020.pdf (June 29, 2021).
Casado-Díaz, J. M. (2000) Local Labour Market Areas in Spain: a case study, Regional Studies 34(9), pp. 843–856, https://doi.org/10.1080/00343400020002976.
Casado-Díaz, J. M. & Coombes, M. G. (2011) The delineation of 21st century local labour market areas: a critical review and a research agenda, Boletín de la Asociación de Geógrafos Españoles, 57, pp. 7–32, available at https://www.age-geografia.es/ojs/index.php/bage/article/download/1390/1313 (June 29, 2021).
Claval, P. (1998) Introduction to Regional Geography (Oxford: Blackwell).
Coombes, M. G. & Bond, S. (2008) Travel-to-Work Areas: the 2007 review (London: Office for National Statistics), available at http://www.istat.it/it/files/2014/12/final_TTWA_report.doc (June 29, 2021).
Coombes, M. G., Green, A. E. & Openshaw, S. (1986) An efficient algorithm to generate official statistical reporting areas: The case of the 1984 travel-to-work-areas revision in Britain, Journal of the Operational Research Society, 37(10), pp. 943–953, https://doi.org/10.1057/jors.1986.163.
Coombes, M., Casado-Díaz, J. M., Martínez-Bernabeu, L. & Carausu, F. (2012) Study on comparable labour market areas – Final research report (Rome: Istat – Istituto nazionale di statistica), available at http://www.istat.it/it/files/2014/12/Final-Report_LMA-v1-0-17102012.pdf (July 1, 2021).
Cörvers, F., Hensen, M. & Bongaerts, D. (2009) Delimitation and coherence of functional and administrative regions, Regional Studies, 43(1), pp. 19–31, https://doi.org/10.1080/00343400701654103.
Cruciani, S. & Franconi, L. (2014) Labour Market Areas. Year 2011. Istat, available at https://circabc.europa.eu/sd/a/79635d40-dcc1-4928-b304-cccf66de81a9/Labour%20Market%20Areas%20-%2017%20Dec%202014%20-%20Full%20text.pdf (June 29, 2021).
Drobne, S. (2016) Model vrednotenja števila in območij funkcionalnih regij, doktorska disertacija (A model evaluating the number and areas of functional regions, doctoral thesis) (Ljubljana: Univerza v Ljubljani, Fakulteta za gradbeništvo in geodezijo), available at http://drugg.fgg.uni-lj.si/5557/.
Drobne (2019) Funkcionalne regije kot podlaga za ustanovitev pokrajin v Sloveniji (Ljubljana: Univerza v Ljubljani, Fakulteta za gradbeništvo in geodezijo), available at http://www.pokrajine.si/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/DROBNE-2019-10-05-FR-kot-podlaga-za-ustanovitev-pokrajin-v-Sloveniji-1.pdf (June 27, 2021).
Drobne (2020a) Funkcionalne regije kot podlaga za pokrajine v Sloveniji = Functional regions as the basis for provinces in Slovenia. In: Brezovnik, B., Holcman, B. & Trpin, G. (Eds.) Pokrajine v Sloveniji (Maribor: Inštitut za lokalno samoupravo, pp 111-144, available at http://www.pokrajine.si/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Pokrajine-Zbornik_knjiga_28.6.2020.pdf (June 27, 2021).
Drobne (2020b) Kakovost funkcionalne regionalizacije po metodah CURDS in Intramax na makro ravni: študija primera za Slovenijo, Geodetski vestnik 64(1), pp. 13-32, http://doi.org/10.15292/geodetski-vestnik.2020.01.13-32.
Drobne, S. & Bogataj, M. (2011) Economic criteria in decision-making on number of functional regions: The case of Slovenia. In: Zadnik Stirn, L., Žerovnik, J., Povh, J., Drobne, S. & Lisec, A. (Eds.) SOR '11 proceedings – The 11th International Symposium on Operational Research in Slovenia, (Ljubljana: Slovenian Society Informatika), pp. 131–136.
Drobne, S. & Bogataj, M. (2012) Metoda opredelitve števila funkcionalnih regij: aplikacija na ravneh NUTS 2 in NUTS 3 v Sloveniji = A method to define the number of functional regions: an application to NUTS 2 and NUTS 3 levels in Slovenia, Geodetski vestnik, 56(1), pp. 105–150, http://dx.doi.org/10.15292/geodetski-vestnik.2012.01.128-150.
Drobne, S. & Bogataj, M. (2013a) Impact of Population Aging on Migration to Regional Centres of Slovenia. In: Zadnik Stirn, L., Žerovnik, J., Povh, J., Drobne, S. & Lisec, A. (Eds.) SOR '13 proceedings – The 12th International Symposium on Operations Research in Slovenia, (Ljubljana: Slovenian Society Informatika, Section for Operational Research), pp. 325–330.
Drobne, S. & Bogataj, M. (2013b) Evaluating Functional Regions for Servicing the Elderly. In: Zadnik Stirn, L., Žerovnik, J., Povh, J., Drobne, S. & Lisec, A. (eds) SOR '13 proceedings – The 12th International Symposium on Operations Research in Slovenia, (Ljubljana: Slovenian Society Informatika, Section for Operational Research), pp. 331–336.
Drobne, S. & Bogataj, M. (2014) Regions for servicing old people: Case study of Slovenia, Business systems research journal, 5(3), pp. 19–36, https://doi.org/10.2478/bsrj-2014-0017.
Drobne, S. & Bogataj, M. (2015) Optimal allocation of public service centres in the central places of functional regions, IFAC-PapersOnLine, 48(3), pp. 2362–2367, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2015.06.441.
Drobne, S., Lisec, A., Konjar, M., Zavodnik Lamovšek, A. & Pogačnik, A. (2009) Functional vs. Administrative regions: Case of Slovenia. In: Vujošević, M. & Perić, J. (eds) International Scientific Conference Regional Development, Spatial Planning and Strategic Governance: Thematic Conference Proceedings, Vol. 1. (Belgrade: Institute of Architecture and Urban & Spatial Planning of Serbia), pp. 395–416.
Drobne, S., Konjar, M. & Lisec, A. (2010) Razmejitev funkcionalnih regij Slovenije na podlagi analize trga dela, Geodetski vestnik, 54(3), pp. 481–500, https://10.15292/geodetski-vestnik.2010.03.481-500.
Drobne, S., Senekovič, A. & Lisec, A. (2014) Funkcionalne regije notranjih selitev Slovenije. In: Ciglič, R., Perko, D. & Zorn, M. (eds). Digitalni prostor, (GIS v Sloveniji 12) (Ljubljana: Založba ZRC), pp. 121–134.
EC (2003) Regulation (EC) No 1059/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 May 2003 on the establishment of a common classification of territorial units for statistics (NUTS), available at https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2003/1059/oj (June 27, 2021).
EC (2005) Regulation (EC) No 1888/2005 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 October 2005 amending Regulation (EC) No 1059/2003 on the establishment of a common classification of territorial units for statistics (NUTS) by reason of the accession of the Czech Republic, Estonia, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Malta, Poland, Slovenia and Slovakia to the European Union, available at https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2005/1888/oj (June 27, 2021).
ESPON 1.1.1 (2004) Potentials for polycentric development in Europe, Final project report, Revised version 2005 (Luxembourg: ESPON Coordination Unit), available at https://www.espon.eu/sites/default/files/attachments/fr-1.1.1_revised-full_0.pdf (June 27, 2021).
ESPON 3.4.3 (2006) The modifiable areas unit problem, Final report (Luxembourg: ESPON Coordination Unit), available at https://www.espon.eu/sites/default/files/attachments/espon343_maup_final_version2_nov_2006.pdf (June 27, 2021.
ESPON 1.4.3 (2007) Study on urban functions, Final report (Luxembourg: ESPON Coordination Unit), available at https://www.espon.eu/sites/default/files/attachments/fr-1.4.3_April2007-final.pdf (June 27, 2021).
Farmer, C. J. Q. & Fotheringham, A. S. (2011) Network-based functional regions, Environment and Planning A, 43(11), pp. 2723–2741, https://doi.org/10.1068%2Fa44136.
Feng, Z. (2009) Fuzziness of Travel to Work Areas, Regional Studies, 43(5), pp. 707–720, https://doi.org/10.1080/00343400801922806.
Franconi, L., D'Alò, M. & Ichim, D. (2016) Istat implementation of the algorithm to develop Labour Market Areas. Technical Report. Istat, available at https://www.istat.it/en/files/2016/03/Description-of-the-LabourMarketAreas-algorithm.pdf (March 25, 2021).
Franconi, L., Ichim, D., D'Alò, M. & Cruciani, S. (2016) Guidelines for Labour Market Area delineation process: from definition to dissemination. Istat, available at https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/cros/system/files/guidelines_for_lmas_production08082017_rev300817.pdf (March 25, 2021).
Green, A. E., Coombes & M. G. (1985) Local unemployment rates: Statistical sensitivities and policy implications, Regional Studies, 19(3), pp. 268–273.
Haggett, P. (1971) Locational analysis in human geography, Reprint edition (Original 1965), (London: Edward Arnold).
Johansson, B. (1998) Infrastructure, Market Potential and Endogenous Growth (Jönköping (Mimeo): Jönköping International Business School).
Karlsson, C. & Olsson, M. (2006) The identification of functional regions: theory, methods, and applications, The Annals of Regional Science, 40(1), pp. 1–18, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00168-005-0019-5.
Klapka, P., Halás, M. & Tonev, P. (2013) Functional regions: Concept and types, In: Klímová, V. & Žítek, V. (eds) 16th International Colloquium on Regional Sciences, Conference Proceedings Valtice, (Brno: Masaryk University), pp. 94–101.
Klapka, P., Halás, M., Erlebach, M., Tonev, P. & Bednář, M. (2014) A multistage agglomerative approach for defining functional regions of the Czech Republic: The use of 2001 commuting data, Moravian Geographical Reports, 22(4), pp. 2–13, http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mgr-2014-0019.
Konjar, M., Lisec, A. & Drobne, S. (2010) Methods for delineation of functional regions using data on commuters, In: Painho, M., Santos, M. Y. & Pundt, H. (eds) Geospatial thinking: proceedings of the 13th AGILE International Conference on Geographic Information Science, (Guimarães: Springer-Verlag), pp. 1–10.
Landré, M. & Håkansson, J. (2013) Rule versus Interaction function: evaluating regional aggregations of commuting flows in Sweden, European Journal of Transport and Infrastructure Research, 13(1), pp. 1–19, https://doi.org/10.18757/ejtir.2013.13.1.2985.
LMA (2017) LabourMarketAreas, available at https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/LabourMarketAreas/index.html (June 22, 2021).
Maier K. (2005) New Policy? New Regions? New Borders?, Research Seminar: Regions and Regionalisation through Business Clusters – The Role of Territory and/or Networks in Economic Policy Making: Insights from Europe and North America, Seminar 1: The International Perspective (London: University of Westminster).
Masser, I. & Brown, P. J. B. (1975) Hierarchical aggregation procedures for interaction data, Environment and Planning A, 7(5), pp. 509–523, https://doi.org/10.1068%2Fa070509.
Masser, I. & Brown, P. J. B. (1977) Spatial representation and spatial interaction, Papers of the Regional Science Association, 38(1), pp. 71–92, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01933513.
Nel, J. H., Krygsman, S. C. & De Jong, T. (2008) The identification of possible future provincial boundaries for South Africa based on an Intramax analysis of journey-to-work data, Orion, 24(2), pp. 131–156, https://doi.org/10.5784/24-2-64.
OECD (2002) Redefining territories – The functional regions (Paris: OECD Publishing).
ÖIR (2006) Metropolitan Networking in CenSE backed by North-South Rail Corridors, Final Report of the Pilot Projects, Österreichisches Institut für Raumplanung (Wien/Vienna: Planners Network for Central and South East Europe (PlaNet CenSE)), available at http://www.oir.at/files/pdf/projects/FinalReport_MetroNet-NorthSouth-Corridors.pdf (June 27, 2021).
Persyn, D. & Torfs, W. (2011) Functional labour markets in Belgium: evolution over time and intersectoral comparison, Vives Discussion Paper 17, (Katholike Universiteit Leuven, Belgium), available at https://lirias.kuleuven.be/bitstream/123456789/354540/2/2011VivesDP17_functionallabormarketsinbelgium.pdf (June 27, 2021).
Plut, D. (1999) Zasnova členitve Slovenije na pokrajine s pomočjo trajnostno sonaravnih izhodišč, In: Vrišer, I. (Ed.) Pokrajine v Sloveniji (Ljubljana: Vlada RS, Služba za lokalno samoupravo), pp. 65–73.
Plut, D. (2004) Zasnova členitve Slovenije na pokrajine s pomočjo trajnostno sonaravnih izhodišč, In: Vlaj, S. (Ed.) Pokrajina: druga raven lokalne samouprave (Ljubljana: Fakulteta za družbene vede), pp. 21–35.
Pogačnik, A., Pichler Milanović, N., Sitar, M., Lavrač, I., Kobal, J., Peterlin, M., Zavodnik Lamovšek, A., Drobne, S., Lisec, A., Soss, K., Trobec, B. (2008) Analiza razvojnih virov in scenarijev za modeliranje funkcionalnih regij, prvo poročilo (Ljubljana: Univerza v Ljubljani, Fakulteta za gradbeništvo in geodezijo).
Pogačnik A., Zavodnik Lamovšek, A., Drobne, S., Žaucer, T., Trobec, B., Pichler Milanović, N., Štefula, M. (2009a) Analiza razvojnih virov in scenarijev za modeliranje funkcionalnih regij, drugo poročilo (Ljubljana: Univerza v Ljubljani, Fakulteta za gradbeništvo in geodezijo).
Pogačnik, A., Zavodnik Lamovšek, A., Drobne, S., Žaucer, T., Konjar, M., Trobec, B., Pichler Milanović, N., Pogačar, K., Kešeljević, A., Kosi, A., Miklavčič, T., Zakrajšek, U., Šolc, U., Strmšnik, K., Stres, A. (2009b) Analiza razvojnih virov in scenarijev za modeliranje funkcionalnih regij, zaključno poročilo tretje faze (Ljubljana: Fakulteta za gradbeništvo in geodezijo; Maribor, Fakulteta za gradbeništvo; Domžale, Oikos).
Pogačnik, A., Sitar, M., Lavrač, I., Kobal, J., Peterlin, M., Zavodnik Lamovšek, A., Drobne, S., Žaucer, T., Konjar, M., Trobec, B., Soss, K., Pichler Milanović, N. (2009c) Analiza razvojnih virov in scenarijev za modeliranje funkcionalnih regij, poročilo četrte faze (Ljubljana: Fakulteta za gradbeništvo in geodezijo; Maribor, Fakulteta za gradbeništvo; Domžale, Oikos).
Pogačnik, A., Zavodnik Lamovšek, A., Drobne, S., Trobec, B., Soss, K. (2009d) Analiza konceptov regionalizacije Slovenije s predlogom območij pokrajin: ekspertna študija – končno poročilo (Ljubljana: Univerza v Ljubljani, Fakulteta za gradbeništvo in geodezijo).
Pogačnik, A., Zavodnik Lamovšek, A., Drobne, S., Trobec, B., Soss, K. (2009e) Analiza modelov pokrajin (3, 6, 8) po izbranih kazalnikih: dodatek h končnemu poročilu (Ljubljana: Univerza v Ljubljani, Fakulteta za gradbeništvo in geodezijo).
Pogačnik, A., Grad, F., Brezovnik, B. (2009f) Skupno zaključno poročilo strokovnih študij v okviru projekta uvedbe pokrajin v Republiki Sloveniji (Ljubljana: Fakulteta za gradbeništvo in geodezijo, Pravna fakulteta – Inštitut za primerjalno pravo; Maribor: Inštitut za lokalno samoupravo in javna naročila).
PRS (2019 Posvet pri predsedniku »Je nastopil čas za pokrajine v Sloveniji?« (Ljubljana: President of the Republik of Slovenia), available at http://www.up-rs.si/up-rs/uprs.nsf/objave/2A72906AED4F45F8C12584A800517D37?OpenDocument (September 29, 2021).
Rebec, J. (1983) Razvoj naselij mestnega značaja z več kot 2000 prebivalci v SR Sloveniji, 1971–1981, Prikazi in študije, 28.
Rebec, J. (1984) Funkcijska klasifikacija mestnih naselij z več kot 2000 prebivalci v SR Sloveniji, 1981, Prikazi in študije, 29.
Quebec (2014) Quebec Portal: Administrative Regions, http://www.gouv.qc.ca/portail/quebec/pgs/commun/portrait/regions/?lang=en (August 15, 2014).
Sforzi, F. (2012) From administrative spatial units to local labour market areas – some remarks on the unit of investigation of regional economics with particular reference to the applied research in Italy. In: Fernandez Vazquez, E. & Rubiera Morollon, F. (eds). Defining the Spatial Scale in Modern Regional Analysis. Advances in Spatial Science (Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag), pp. 3–21.
Slater, P. B. (1976a) Hierarchical internal migration regions of France, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, 6(4), pp. 321–324, https://doi.org/10.1109/TSMC.1976.5408783.
Slater, P. B. (1976b) A hierarchical regionalisation of Japanese prefectures using 1972 inter-prefectural migration flows, Regional Studies, 10(1), pp. 123–132, https://doi.org/10.1080/09595237600185121.
SMA (2020) Spatial data on statistical regions in Slovenia in 2015-2020, The Surveying and Mapping Authority of the Republic of Slovenia (Ljubljana: SMA).
Smart, M. W. (1974) Labour market areas: Uses and definition, Progress in Planning, 2(4), pp. 239–353, https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-9006(74)90008-7.
SPRS (2004) Strategija prostorskega razvoja Slovenije (Ljubljana: Ministrstvo za okolje in prostor Republike Slovenije), available at https://www.gov.si/assets/ministrstva/MOP/Publikacije/0e22a8ed69/sprs_slo.pdf (June 27, 2021).
Statistics Sweden (2010) Construction and use of labour market areas in Sweden (Örebro: Statistics Sweden, Enterprise- and Register-based Employment Statistics Unit), available at http://www.scb.se/statistik/_publikationer/AM0207_2009A01_BR_AM95BR1001.pdf (February 25, 2016).
Statistične regije Slovenije (2015) available at https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statisti%C4%8Dne_regije_Slovenije (June 27, 2021).
SORS (2019) Data on labour commuting between Slovenian municipalities, 2015–2018, Statistical office of republic of Slovenia, SORS.
Tomaney, J. & Ward, N. (2000) England and the »New Regionalism«, Regional studies, 34(5), pp. 471–478, https://doi.org/10.1080/00343400050058710.
Trpin, G. & Kovšca Pušenjak, I. (2020) Kaj je pokrajina, In: Brezovnik, B., Holcman, B. & Trpin, G. (Eds.) Pokrajine v Sloveniji (Maribor: Inštitut za lokalno samoupravo Maribor), pp. 155–161, available at http://www.pokrajine.si/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Pokrajine-Zbornik_knjiga_28.6.2020.pdf (June 27, 2021).
UN (2019) Population Division (2019), World Population Ageing 2019: Highlights (ST/ESA/SER.A/430), (New York: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs), https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/ageing/WorldPopulationAgeing2019-Highlights.pdf (Oktober 1, 2021).
Vanhove, N. & Klaassen, L. H. (1987) Regional policy: A European approach, 2 edition (Aldershot: Avebury, Gower Publishing Company Limited).
Van der Laan, L. & Schalke, R. (2001) Reality versus policy: The delineation and testing of local labour market and spatial policy areas, European Planning Studies, 9(2), pp. 201–221, https://doi.org/10.1080/09654310123131.
Vlaj, S. (2004) Pokrajina: druga raven lokalne samouprave (Ljubljana: Inštitut za lokalno samoupravo pri Fakulteti za upravo Univerze v Ljubljani).
Vrišer, I. (1974) Mesta in urbano omrežje v SR Sloveniji. Značilnosti njihovega razvoja in družbeno gospodarskega pomena s posebnim ozirom na mala mesta, Geografski zbornik, 14(3), pp. 179–337.
Vrišer, I. (1978) Regionalno planiranje (Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga).
Vrišer, I. & Rebernik, D. (1993) Družbenogospodarska in dejavnostna usmeritev slovenskih mest, Geografski zbornik, 33, pp. 9–40, available at https://giam.zrc-sazu.si/sites/default/files/zbornik/GZ_3301_007-040.pdf (June 27, 2021).
Watts, M. (2009) Rules versus hierarchy: An application of fuzzy set theory to the assessment of spatial grouping techniques, In: Kolehmainen, M. et al. (Eds.) Adaptive and naturals computing algorithms (Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag), pp. 517–526, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04921-7_53.
Watts, M. (2013) Assessing different spatial grouping algorithms: an application to the design of Australia’s new statistical geography, Spatial Economic Analysis, 8(1), pp. 92-112, https://doi.org/10.1080/17421772.2012.753637.
ZUPok (2019) Zakon o ustanovitvi pokrajin, Osnutek Zakona o ustanovitvi pokrajin /ZUPok/ (27. september 2019), available at http://www.pokrajine.si/ (June 27, 2021).
