Educational Reforms and Decentralization in Brazil, South Africa, South Korea and Spain
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.4335/14.3.591-612(2016)Keywords:
educational reform, educational decentralization, quality of learning, comparative education policy, structural changesAbstract
The article assesses the education reforms in four countries: Brazil, South Africa, South Korea, and Spain. The main objective of the comparison is to identify the elements of the reforms that led to different educational performances. By taking South Korea as a model of successful education reform, the comparative analysis shows that the educational reforms in Brazil, South Africa, and Spain have set these countries aside from the path toward high-performing educational systems. In these countries, differently from South Korea, decentralizing education reforms have been dominated by conflict over the distribution of fiscal and administrative resources.
References
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Beckmann, J. & Prinsloo, I. (2009) Legislation on School Governors’ Power to Appoint Educations: Friend or Foe?, South African Journal of Education, 29(2), pp. 171-184.
Bonal, X. (1995) Curriculum Change as a Form of Educational Policy Legitimation: The Case of Spain, International Studies in Sociology of Education, 5(2), pp. 203–220. doi: 10.1080/0962021950050205.
Boyd-Barrett (1995) Structural Change and Curriculum Reform in Democratic Spain. In: Boyd-Barrett, O. & O'Malley, P. (ed.) Education Reform in Democratic Spain (London: Routledge), pp. 6-24.
Carvalho, D. P. (1997) A Nova Lei de Diretrizes e Bases e a Formação de Professores para a Educação Básica, Ciência & Educação, 5(2), pp. 81-90.
Castro, M. H. (1999) O Impacto da Implementação do Fundef nos Estados e Municípios: Primeiras Observaçoes. In: Cabral Costa, V. L. & Sarmiento Gómez; A. (eds.) Descentralização da Educação: Novas Formas de Coordenação e Financiamento (São Paulo: FUNDAP and Cortez Editora), pp. 111-121.
Chisholm, L. (2007) The Making of South Africa’s National Curriculum Statement, Journal of Curriculum Studies, 37(2), pp. 193-208. doi: 10.1080/0022027042000236163.
Choi, Á., Calero, J., & Escardíbul, J.O., (2012) Private Tutoring and Academic Achievement in Korea: An Approach through PISA-2006, KEDI Journal of Educational Policy, 9 (2), pp. 299-322.
Demo, P. (1997) A Nova LDB: Ranços e Avanços (Campinas: Papirus).
Doner, R. F., B. K. Ritchie & D. Slater (2005) Systemic Vulnerability and the Origins of Developmental States: Northeast and Southeast Asia in Comparative Perspective, International Organization, 59 (2): 327-361. doi: 10.1017/S0020818305050113.
Doz Orrit, J. (1995) Problems of Implementation in Spanish Educational Reform. In: Boyd-Barrett, O. & O’Malley, P. (eds.) Education Reform in Democratic Spain (London and New York:Routledge), pp. 79-93.
Duarte, M. R. T. (2005) Regulação Sistêmica e Política de Financiamento da Educação Básica, Educação & Sociedade, 26(92), pp. 821-839. doi: 10.1590/S0101-73302005000300006.
Fiske, E. (1996) Decentralization of Education (Washington, DC: The World Bank).
Gago, J. M. (2005) La Política Educativa, Sistema: Revista de Ciencias Sociales, 185, pp. 203-219.
Hanson, E. M. (2000) Democratization and Educational Decentralization in Spain: A Twenty Year Struggle for Reform, Education Reform and Management Publication Series, 1(3), pp. 1-62.
Kim, E.-G. (2006) Educational Decentralization in Korea: Major Issues and Controversies. In: Bjork, C. (ed.) Educational Decentralization (Dordrecht: Springer), pp. 115-128.
Kim, P. S. & Myeong, S. (2014) Public Administration Education in South Korea: Developed but Still Evolving, International Journal of Public Administration, 37(10), pp. 676-684. doi: 10.1080/01900692.2014.907308.
Kim, W. (2004) Policy Reform in Japan and South Korea (1997-2002), International Review of Public Administration, 9(2), pp. 39-53, doi: 10.1080/12294659.2005.10805048.
Kim, W. J. (2004) Education Reform Policies and Classroom Teaching in South Korea, International Studies in Sociology of Education, 14(2), pp. 125-145. doi: 10.1080/09620210400200122.
Lee, C. J. (2005) Korean Education Fever and Private Tutoring, KEDI Journal of Educational Policy, 2(1), pp. 99-107.
Lee, Y. (2010) Views on Education and Achievement: Finland’s Story of Success and South Korea’s Story of Decline, KEDI Journal of Educational Policy, 7(2), pp. 379-401.
Lo, W. (2010) Educational decentralization and its implications for governance: explaining the differences in the four Asian newly industrialized economies, Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 40(1), pp. 63-78. doi: 10.1080/03057920903156888.
Losada, A. & Maíz, R. (2005) Devolution and Involution: De-federalization Politics through Educational Policies in Spain (1996-2004), Regional and Federal Studies, 15(14), pp. 437-451. doi: 10.1080=13597560500230557.
Martins, A. M. (2003) A Política Educacional Paulista: Controvérsias em Torno dos Conceitos de Descentralização e Autonomía - 1983 a 1999, Educação & Sociedade, 24(83), pp. 527-549. doi: 10.1590/S0101-73302003000200012.
Martins, P. S. (2004) FUNDEF, FUNDEB e a Federação, Cadernos Aslegis, 6(23), pp. 39-57.
Motala, S. (2005) Finance Equity in the South African Schooling System. In: Pampallis, J. & Motala, S. (eds.) Governance and Finance in the South African Schooling System: The First Decade of Democracy (Braamfontein: Centre for Education Policy Development), pp. 37-72.
Neves, M. R. (2006) Educação Sustentável (Sao Paulo: Altana).
OECD (2012) PISA 2012 Results in Focus: What 15-year-olds Know and What They Can Do with What They Know: Key Results from PISA 2012 (OECD: Paris).
Park, B.-G. (2008) Uneven Development, Inter-scalar Tensions, and the Politics of Decentralization in South Korea, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 32(1), pp. 40-59, doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2427.2008.00765.x.
Peraita, C. & Pastor, M. (2000) The Primary School Dropout in Spain: The Influence of Family Background and Labor Market Conditions, Education Economics, 8(2), pp. 157-168, doi: 10.1080/096452900410721.
Pereyra, M. A. (2002) Changing Educational Governance in Spain: Decentralisation and Control in the Autonomous Communities, European Educational Research Journal, 1(4), pp. 667-675, doi: 10.2304/eerj.2002.1.4.5.
Puelles Benítez, M. (1992) Informe sobre la Experiencias de Descentralización Educativa en el Mundo Occidental, Revista de Educación, 299, pp. 353-376.
Rembe, S. W. (2005) The Politics of Transformation in South Africa: An Evaluation of Education Policies and their Implication with Particular Reference to the Eastern Cape Province, PhD Thesis (Grahamstown: Rhodes University).
Ribeiro, C. A. C. (2011) Desigualdade de Oportunidades e Resultados Educacionais no Brasil. DADOS, 54(1), pp. 41-87, doi: 10.1590/S0011-52582011000100002.
Rocha, L. M. F. & Pereira, E. W. (1994) Projeto de LDB – A Estratégia de Negociação, Revista Brasileira de Estudos de Pedagogía, 75, pp. 395-467.
Ruiz-Huerta, A. C. (1993) Los Acuerdos Autonómicos de 28 de Febrero de 1992: ¿Una Alternativa Constitutcional Adecuada?, Revista de Estudios Políticos, 81, pp. 103-128.
Saviani, D. (1997) A Nova Lei da Educação: Trajetória, Limites e Perspectivas (São Paulo: Autores Associatdos).
Sayed, Y. (2002) Democratising Education in a Decentralised System: South African Policy and Practice, Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 32(1), pp. 35-46, doi: 10.1080/03057920120116517.
Sayed, Y. & Soudien, C. (2005) Decentralisation and the Construction of Inclusion Education Policy in South Africa, Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 35(2), pp. 115-125, doi: 10.1080/03057920500129916.
Seth, M. (2012) Education Zeal, State Control and Citizenship in South Korea, Citizenship Studies, 16(1), pp. 13-28. doi:10.1080/13621025.2012.651400.
Sorensen, C. W. (1994) Success and Education in South Korea, Comparative Education Review, 38(1), pp. 10-35, doi: 10.1086/447223.
Spaull, N. (2013) South Africa's Education Crisis: The Quality of Education in South Africa, 1994-2011 (Johannesburg: Centre for Development and Enterprise).
Strand, P. (2001) Finalizing the South African Constitution: The Politics of the Constitutional Assembly, Politikon, 28(1), pp. 47-63, doi: 10.1080/02589340120058094.
van der Berg, S. (2008) How Effective are Poor Schools? Poverty and Educational Outcomes in South Africa, Studies in Educational Evaluation, 34 (3), pp. 145–154, doi: 10.1016/j.stueduc.2008.07.005.
Viñao Frago, A. (1994) Sistemas Educativos y Espacios de Poder: Teorías, Prácticas y Usos de la Descentralización en España, Revista Iberoamericana de Educación, 4(2), pp. 29-64.
Wagner, D. (2010) Quality of Education, Comparability, and Assessment Choice in Developing Countries, Compare: A Journal of Comparative International Education, 40(6), pp. 741-760, doi: 10.1080/03057925.2010.523231.
Wollam, J. (1992) Equality versus Excellence: The South Korean Dilemma in Gifted Education, Roeper Review, 14(4), pp. 212-217, doi: 10.1080/02783199209553433.
Wolhuter, C. C. (2014) Weaknesses of South African Education in the Mirror Image of International Educational Development, South African Journal of Education, 34(2): 1-25. doi: 10.15700/201412071120.
Engelbrechta, P., M. Nelb, S. Smita & M. van Deventera (2016) The Idealism of Education Policies and the Realities in Schools: the Implementation of Inclusive Education in South Africa, International Journal of Inclusive Education, 20(5), pp. 520-535. doi: 10.1080/13603116.2015.1095250.</span></p>
Araújo, L. A. D. (2005) O Marco Normativo do Sistema de Organização Territorial no Brasil, In: Moreira Maués, A. G. & Gómez Fernández, I. (eds.) Ordenamiento Territorial en Brasil y España (Valencia: Tirant la Blanch), pp. 21-48.
Beckmann, J. & Prinsloo, I. (2009) Legislation on School Governors’ Power to Appoint Educations: Friend or Foe?, South African Journal of Education, 29(2), pp. 171-184.
Bonal, X. (1995) Curriculum Change as a Form of Educational Policy Legitimation: The Case of Spain, International Studies in Sociology of Education, 5(2), pp. 203–220. doi: 10.1080/0962021950050205.
Boyd-Barrett (1995) Structural Change and Curriculum Reform in Democratic Spain. In: Boyd-Barrett, O. & O'Malley, P. (ed.) Education Reform in Democratic Spain (London: Routledge), pp. 6-24.
Carvalho, D. P. (1997) A Nova Lei de Diretrizes e Bases e a Formação de Professores para a Educação Básica, Ciência & Educação, 5(2), pp. 81-90.
Castro, M. H. (1999) O Impacto da Implementação do Fundef nos Estados e Municípios: Primeiras Observaçoes. In: Cabral Costa, V. L. & Sarmiento Gómez; A. (eds.) Descentralização da Educação: Novas Formas de Coordenação e Financiamento (São Paulo: FUNDAP and Cortez Editora), pp. 111-121.
Chisholm, L. (2007) The Making of South Africa’s National Curriculum Statement, Journal of Curriculum Studies, 37(2), pp. 193-208. doi: 10.1080/0022027042000236163.
Choi, Á., Calero, J., & Escardíbul, J.O., (2012) Private Tutoring and Academic Achievement in Korea: An Approach through PISA-2006, KEDI Journal of Educational Policy, 9 (2), pp. 299-322.
Demo, P. (1997) A Nova LDB: Ranços e Avanços (Campinas: Papirus).
Doner, R. F., B. K. Ritchie & D. Slater (2005) Systemic Vulnerability and the Origins of Developmental States: Northeast and Southeast Asia in Comparative Perspective, International Organization, 59 (2): 327-361. doi: 10.1017/S0020818305050113.
Doz Orrit, J. (1995) Problems of Implementation in Spanish Educational Reform. In: Boyd-Barrett, O. & O’Malley, P. (eds.) Education Reform in Democratic Spain (London and New York:Routledge), pp. 79-93.
Duarte, M. R. T. (2005) Regulação Sistêmica e Política de Financiamento da Educação Básica, Educação & Sociedade, 26(92), pp. 821-839. doi: 10.1590/S0101-73302005000300006.
Fiske, E. (1996) Decentralization of Education (Washington, DC: The World Bank).
Gago, J. M. (2005) La Política Educativa, Sistema: Revista de Ciencias Sociales, 185, pp. 203-219.
Hanson, E. M. (2000) Democratization and Educational Decentralization in Spain: A Twenty Year Struggle for Reform, Education Reform and Management Publication Series, 1(3), pp. 1-62.
Kim, E.-G. (2006) Educational Decentralization in Korea: Major Issues and Controversies. In: Bjork, C. (ed.) Educational Decentralization (Dordrecht: Springer), pp. 115-128.
Kim, P. S. & Myeong, S. (2014) Public Administration Education in South Korea: Developed but Still Evolving, International Journal of Public Administration, 37(10), pp. 676-684. doi: 10.1080/01900692.2014.907308.
Kim, W. (2004) Policy Reform in Japan and South Korea (1997-2002), International Review of Public Administration, 9(2), pp. 39-53, doi: 10.1080/12294659.2005.10805048.
Kim, W. J. (2004) Education Reform Policies and Classroom Teaching in South Korea, International Studies in Sociology of Education, 14(2), pp. 125-145. doi: 10.1080/09620210400200122.
Lee, C. J. (2005) Korean Education Fever and Private Tutoring, KEDI Journal of Educational Policy, 2(1), pp. 99-107.
Lee, Y. (2010) Views on Education and Achievement: Finland’s Story of Success and South Korea’s Story of Decline, KEDI Journal of Educational Policy, 7(2), pp. 379-401.
Lo, W. (2010) Educational decentralization and its implications for governance: explaining the differences in the four Asian newly industrialized economies, Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 40(1), pp. 63-78. doi: 10.1080/03057920903156888.
Losada, A. & Maíz, R. (2005) Devolution and Involution: De-federalization Politics through Educational Policies in Spain (1996-2004), Regional and Federal Studies, 15(14), pp. 437-451. doi: 10.1080=13597560500230557.
Martins, A. M. (2003) A Política Educacional Paulista: Controvérsias em Torno dos Conceitos de Descentralização e Autonomía - 1983 a 1999, Educação & Sociedade, 24(83), pp. 527-549. doi: 10.1590/S0101-73302003000200012.
Martins, P. S. (2004) FUNDEF, FUNDEB e a Federação, Cadernos Aslegis, 6(23), pp. 39-57.
Motala, S. (2005) Finance Equity in the South African Schooling System. In: Pampallis, J. & Motala, S. (eds.) Governance and Finance in the South African Schooling System: The First Decade of Democracy (Braamfontein: Centre for Education Policy Development), pp. 37-72.
Neves, M. R. (2006) Educação Sustentável (Sao Paulo: Altana).
OECD (2012) PISA 2012 Results in Focus: What 15-year-olds Know and What They Can Do with What They Know: Key Results from PISA 2012 (OECD: Paris).
Park, B.-G. (2008) Uneven Development, Inter-scalar Tensions, and the Politics of Decentralization in South Korea, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 32(1), pp. 40-59, doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2427.2008.00765.x.
Peraita, C. & Pastor, M. (2000) The Primary School Dropout in Spain: The Influence of Family Background and Labor Market Conditions, Education Economics, 8(2), pp. 157-168, doi: 10.1080/096452900410721.
Pereyra, M. A. (2002) Changing Educational Governance in Spain: Decentralisation and Control in the Autonomous Communities, European Educational Research Journal, 1(4), pp. 667-675, doi: 10.2304/eerj.2002.1.4.5.
Puelles Benítez, M. (1992) Informe sobre la Experiencias de Descentralización Educativa en el Mundo Occidental, Revista de Educación, 299, pp. 353-376.
Rembe, S. W. (2005) The Politics of Transformation in South Africa: An Evaluation of Education Policies and their Implication with Particular Reference to the Eastern Cape Province, PhD Thesis (Grahamstown: Rhodes University).
Ribeiro, C. A. C. (2011) Desigualdade de Oportunidades e Resultados Educacionais no Brasil. DADOS, 54(1), pp. 41-87, doi: 10.1590/S0011-52582011000100002.
Rocha, L. M. F. & Pereira, E. W. (1994) Projeto de LDB – A Estratégia de Negociação, Revista Brasileira de Estudos de Pedagogía, 75, pp. 395-467.
Ruiz-Huerta, A. C. (1993) Los Acuerdos Autonómicos de 28 de Febrero de 1992: ¿Una Alternativa Constitutcional Adecuada?, Revista de Estudios Políticos, 81, pp. 103-128.
Saviani, D. (1997) A Nova Lei da Educação: Trajetória, Limites e Perspectivas (São Paulo: Autores Associatdos).
Sayed, Y. (2002) Democratising Education in a Decentralised System: South African Policy and Practice, Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 32(1), pp. 35-46, doi: 10.1080/03057920120116517.
Sayed, Y. & Soudien, C. (2005) Decentralisation and the Construction of Inclusion Education Policy in South Africa, Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 35(2), pp. 115-125, doi: 10.1080/03057920500129916.
Seth, M. (2012) Education Zeal, State Control and Citizenship in South Korea, Citizenship Studies, 16(1), pp. 13-28. doi:10.1080/13621025.2012.651400.
Sorensen, C. W. (1994) Success and Education in South Korea, Comparative Education Review, 38(1), pp. 10-35, doi: 10.1086/447223.
Spaull, N. (2013) South Africa's Education Crisis: The Quality of Education in South Africa, 1994-2011 (Johannesburg: Centre for Development and Enterprise).
Strand, P. (2001) Finalizing the South African Constitution: The Politics of the Constitutional Assembly, Politikon, 28(1), pp. 47-63, doi: 10.1080/02589340120058094.
van der Berg, S. (2008) How Effective are Poor Schools? Poverty and Educational Outcomes in South Africa, Studies in Educational Evaluation, 34 (3), pp. 145–154, doi: 10.1016/j.stueduc.2008.07.005.
Viñao Frago, A. (1994) Sistemas Educativos y Espacios de Poder: Teorías, Prácticas y Usos de la Descentralización en España, Revista Iberoamericana de Educación, 4(2), pp. 29-64.
Wagner, D. (2010) Quality of Education, Comparability, and Assessment Choice in Developing Countries, Compare: A Journal of Comparative International Education, 40(6), pp. 741-760, doi: 10.1080/03057925.2010.523231.
Wollam, J. (1992) Equality versus Excellence: The South Korean Dilemma in Gifted Education, Roeper Review, 14(4), pp. 212-217, doi: 10.1080/02783199209553433.
Wolhuter, C. C. (2014) Weaknesses of South African Education in the Mirror Image of International Educational Development, South African Journal of Education, 34(2): 1-25. doi: 10.15700/201412071120.
Engelbrechta, P., M. Nelb, S. Smita & M. van Deventera (2016) The Idealism of Education Policies and the Realities in Schools: the Implementation of Inclusive Education in South Africa, International Journal of Inclusive Education, 20(5), pp. 520-535. doi: 10.1080/13603116.2015.1095250.</span></p>
Published
2016-07-31
Issue
Section
Conference Paper (Annual Conference 2020)
