Local-level Nudging for Renewables in Slovenia: Organisational Aspects and Legal Limitations

Organisational Aspects and Legal Limitations

Authors

  • Luka Martin Tomazic Alma Mater Europaea

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.4335/18.3.523-556(2020)

Keywords:

nudge, energy law, local government, soft paternalism, renewable energy

Abstract

Proliferation of renewable energy is high on the agenda of the European Union. In it, local government plays an important role. Besides traditional regulatory approaches such as legislation, nudging could have a positive effect on achieving the desired policy goals. This article analyses the legal framework within which the local-level practice of nudging is embedded in the Republic of Slovenia. Since EU-level legislation and ECHR aspects are analysed as well, the application of findings is broader than merely the national legal system. Nudging could be performed either by using the existing infrastructure or through the creation of local energy organisations. Three main groups of legal limitations are identified, namely state-level limitations, GDPR-related concerns and constitutional or human rights considerations. Defaults and individualised informing are emphasized as two of the most promising nudge-types in the field of renewable energy.

References

Abdukadirov, S. (2016) Who Should Nudge, In: Abdukadirov, S. (ed.) Nudge Theory in Action: Behavioral Design in Policy and Markets (New York: Springer), pp. 159-192.

Alemanno, A. & Sibony, A. L. (2015) Nudge and the Law: A European Perspective (Oxford & Portland: Hart Publishing).

Alemanno, A. & Spina, A. (2014) Nudging Legally: On the Checks and Balances of Behavioral Regulation, International Journal of Constitutional Law, 12(2), pp. 429–456.

Bailey, S. & Elliott, M. (2009) Taking Local Government Seriously: Democracy, Autonomy and the Constitution, The Cambridge Law Journal, 68(2), pp. 436-472.

Berlin, I. (1969) Two Concepts of Liberty (Oxford: Oxford University Press).

Bernatzi, S., Beshears, J., Milkman, K. L., Sunstein, C. R., Thaler, R. H., Shankar, M., Tucker-Ray, W., Congdon, W. J. & Galing, S. (2017) Should Governments Invest More in Nudging?, Psychological Science, 28(8), pp. 1041-1055.

Bizjak, M., Žalik, B., Štumberger, G. & Lukač, N. (2018) Estimation and optimisation of buildings' thermal load using LiDAR data, Building and environment, 128, pp. 12-21.

Brezovnik, B. (2004) O nekaterih ustavnih načelih in lokalni samoupravi, Lex localis – Journal of Local Self-Government, 2(1), pp. 81-92.

Brezovnik, B. (2014) Pristojnosti in naloge slovenskih občin: (s pregledom splošnih in posamičnih aktov ter aktov poslovanja občine) (Maribor: Inštitut za lokalno samoupravo in javna naročila).

Brezovnik, B. Juvan Gotovac, V. & Bradaschia, N. (2004) Pregled pristojnosti občin, Lex localis – Journal of Local Self-Government, 2(4), pp. 93-201.

Brezovnik, B. & Toplak J. (2012) Administrative Law in Slovenia, In: Scarciglia, R. (ed.) Administrative law in the Balkans: case studies of comparative administrative law in Albania, Bulgaria, Croatia, Serbia and Slovenia (Padova: Cedam), pp. 155-185.

Broers, V. J. V., De Breucker, C., Van den Broucke, S. & Luminet, O. (2017) A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Effectiveness of Nudging to Increase Fruit and Vegetable Choice, European Journal of Public Health, 27(5), pp. 912-920.

Buchholz, M., Mußhoff, O. & Peth, D. (2019) Tax or Green Nudge? An Experimental Analysis of Pesticide Policies in Germany, 59th Annual Conference (Braunschweig: German Association of Agricultural Economists).

Deželan, T., Maksuti, A. & Uršič, M. (2014) Capacity of local development planning in Slovenia: strengths and weaknesses of local sustainable development strategies, Lex localis – Journal of Local Self-Government, 12(3), pp. 547-573.

Dolzhikov, A. V. (2012) The European Court of Human Rights on the Principle of Proportionality in 'Russian' Cases, Teise, 82, pp. 215–224.

Drnovšek, K. & Brezovnik, B. (2016) Public services concession in Slovenian legislation, Lex localis: Journal of Local Self Government, 14(3), pp. 671-694.

Dworkin, R. (1998) Law’s Empire (Oxford: Hart Publishing).

Elberg Nielsen et al (2016) Nudging and Pro-environmental Behaviour (Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers), available at: https://norden.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1065958/FULLTEXT01.pdf (December 17, 2019).

Finnis, J. (1980) Natural Law and Natural Rights (Oxford: Clarendon Press).

Greer, S. (2000) The Margin of Appreciation: Interpretation and Discretion under the European Convention on Human Rights (Strasbourg: Council of Europe Publishing).

Hart, H. L. A. (1994) The Concept of Law, Second Edition (Oxford: Clarendon Press).

Kasperbauer, T. J. (2017) The permissibility of nudging for sustainable energy consumption, Energy Policy, 111, pp. 52-57.

Križanič, F., Oplotnik, Ž., Mencinger, J. & Brezovnik, B. (2019) The influence of ecological taxes on the exposure on waste and CO2 emissions in a selected group of EU countries, Journal of comparative politics, 12(2), pp. 38-48.

Lukač, N., Štumberger, G. & Žalik, B. (2017) Wind resource assessment using airborne LiDAR data and smoothed particle hydrodynamics, Environmental Modelling & Software, 95, pp. 1-12.

Lukač, N. et al (2014) Buildings roofs photovoltaic potential assessment based on LiDAR (light detection and ranging) data, Energy, 66, pp. 598-609.

Haček, M. & Bačlija Brajnik, I. (2009) The administrative capacity of Slovenian municipalities, Lex localis – Journal of Local Self-Government, 7(3), pp. 307-327.

Hansen, P. G. & Jespersen, A. M. (2013), Nudge and the Manipulation of Choice: A Framework for the Responsible Use of the Nudge Approach to Behaviour Change in Public Policy, European Journal of Risk Regulation, 4(1), pp. 3-28

Hummel, D. & Mädche, A. (2019) How effective is nudging? A quantitative review of the effect sizes and limits of empirical nudging studies, Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics, 80, pp. 47-58.

John, P. (2013) All tools are informational now: how information and persuasion define the tools of government, Policy and Politics, 41(4), pp. 605-620.

John, P. et al (2011) Nudge, Nudge, Think, Think: Experimenting with Ways to Change Civic Behaviour (London/New York: Bloomsbury).

Kahnemann, D. (2011) Thinking Fast and Slow (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux).

Kaiser, D. (2018) Individualized Choices and Digital Nudging: Multiple Studies in Digital Retail Channels (Karlsruhe: Karlsruher Institut für Technologie).

Kosters, M., & Van der Heijden, J. (2015) From mechanism to virtue: Evaluating Nudge theory, Evaluation, 21(3), pp. 276-291.

Leach M. & Deshmukh S. (2012) Sustainable Energy Law and Policy, In: Makuch K. & Perreira R. (eds.) Environmental and Energy Law (Chichester: Blackwell Publishing), pp. 119-140.

Mader, L. (2001) Evaluating the Effects: A Contribution to the Quality of Legislation, Statute Law Review, 22(2), pp. 119-131.

MacCormick, N. (1993) Argumentation and Interpretation in Law, Ratio Juris, 6(1), pp. 16-29.

Mathis, K. & Tor, A. (2016) Nudging – Possibilities, Limitation and Applications in European Law and Economics (New York: Springer).

Momsen, K. & Störk, T. (2014) From Intention to Action: Can Nudges Help Consumers to Choose Renewable Energy?, Energy Policy, 74, pp. 376-382.

Pličanič, S. (2019) Land-use Planning and Public-private Partnership, Lex Localis - Journal of Local Self-Government, 17(4), pp. 1081-1095.

Posner, R. (1995) Overcoming Law (Cambridge: Harvard University Press).

Prakken, H. & Sartor, G. (2015) Law and logic: A review from an argumentation perspective, Artificial Intelligence, 227, pp. 214-245.

Ranchordás, S. (2019) Nudging Citizens Through Technology in Smart Cities, International Review of Law, Computers & Technology, pp. 1-23.

Raz, J. (1990) Practical Reason and Norms, Second Edition (Princeton: Princeton University Press).

Raz, J. (1986) The Morality of Freedom (Oxford: Oxford University Press).

Renucci, J. F. (2005) Introduction to the European Convention on Human Rights: The Rights Guaranteed and the Protection Mechanism (Strasbourg: Council of Europe Publishing).

Rousseau, J. J. (2011) The Basic Political Writings, Second Edition (Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company).

Schnellenbach, J. (2012) Nudges and Norms: On the Political Economy of Soft Paternalism, European Journal of Political Economy, 28(2), pp. 266-277.

Schubert, C. (2017) Green Nudges: Do They Work? Are They Ethical?, Ecological Economics, 132, pp. 329-342.

Stack, K.M. (2012) Interpreting Regulations, Michigan Law Review, 111(3), pp. 355-422.

Sunstein, C. (2015) The Ethics of Nudging, Yale Journal on Regulation, 32(2), pp. 413-450.

Sunstein, C. (2014) Nudging: A Very Short Guide, Journal of Consumer Policy, 37 (4), pp. 583-588.

Thaler, R. H. & Sunstein, C. R. (2009) Nudge: Improving Decisions about Health, Wealth, and Happiness (New York: Penguin Books).

Tomažič, L. M. & Bratina, B. (2019) Selected Aspects of the Slovenian Regulation of Local Energy Concept, Javna uprava, 55(3-4), pp. 73-89.

Van Aaken, A. (2015) Judge the Nudge: In Search of the Legal Limits of Paternalistic Nudging in the EU, In: Alemanno, A., Sibony, A.L. (eds.), Nudge and the Law: A European Perspective (Oxford & Portland: Hart Publishing), pp. 83-114.

Vlaev, I., King, D., Dolan, P. & Darzi, A. (2016) The Theory and Practice of “Nudging”: Changing Health Behaviors, Public Administration Review, 76(4), pp. 550-561.

Xanthaki, H. (2014) Drafting legislation: Art and Technology of Rules for Regulation (Oxford and Portland: Hart Publishing).

Constitution of the Republic of Slovenia, Official Gazzette 33/91-I with amendments, available at: http://pisrs.si/Pis.web/pregledPredpisa?id=USTA1 (December 17, 2019).

Council of Europe (1953) European Convention on Human Rights, available at https://www.echr.coe.int/Documents/Convention_ENG.pdf (December 17, 2019).

Decision of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Slovenia number U-I-18/02 of 24 October 2003, Official Gazzette of the Republic of Slovenia 108/03, available at: http://odlocitve.us-rs.si/sl/odlocitev/US22758 (December 18, 2019).

Energy Act (EZ-1) of the Republic of Slovenia, Official Gazzette of the Republic of Slovenia 60/19, available at http://www.pisrs.si/Pis.web/pregledPredpisa?id=ZAKO6665 (December 17, 2019).

Establishment of Municipalities and Municipal Boundaries Act, Official Gazzette of the Republic of Slovenia 108/06 with amendments, available at: http://www.pisrs.si/Pis.web/pregledPredpisa?id=ZAKO4949&d-49683-p=2 (December 17, 2019).

European Court of Human Rights, Bigaeva v Greece, judgement of 28 May 2009, 26713/05.

European Court of Human Rights, Pretty v. the United Kingdom, judgment of 29 April 2002, 2346/02.

European Union (2017) Report from the Commission to the Council on the Urban Agenda for the EU (Brussels: European Union), available at https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/policy/themes/urban/report_urban_agenda2017_en.pdf (December 17, 2019).

IRENA (2018) Renewable Energy Prospects for the European Union (Abu Dhabi: European Union & Irena), available at: https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2018/Feb/IRENA_REmap_EU_2018.pdf (December 17, 2019).

Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC (General Data Protection Regulation), OJ L 119, pp. 1-88, available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2016/679/oj (December 17, 2019).

Rules on the methodology and mandatory content of the local energy concept, Official Gazzette of the Republic of Slovenia 56/16, available at: http://www.pisrs.si/Pis.web/pregledPredpisa?id=PRAV12426 (December 17, 2019).

Services of General Economic Interest Act, Official Gazzete of the Republic of Slovenia 32/93 with amendments, available at: http://www.pisrs.si/Pis.web/pregledPredpisa?id=ZAKO272 (December 17, 2019).

Published

2020-08-02

Issue

Section

Article