New Metropolitan Regime of Turkey: Authoritarian Urbanization via (Local) Governmental Restructuring
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.4335/13.3.849-877(2015)Keywords:
metropolitan municipalities, centralization, authoritarian urbanization policies, Turkey, AKP RuleAbstract
In December 2012, approximately 1,5 years before the March 2014 Local Elections and 2 years before the August 2014 Presidential Elections, Turkish Grand National Assembly –of the single party AKP majority government- enacted a Law not only establishing 14 new Metropolitan Municipalities in addition to the 16 former, but also annihilating 30 Provincial Local Governments, 1.635 Town Municipalities, and 16.580 Village Local Administrations, which makes almost the half of Turkey’s local governments. The Law, at the same time, made amendments to the legislation on local governments. As a consequence of this arrangement which represents the largest restructuration of the (local) administrative system all throughout the Republican history, Turkey’s urban population artificially increased to 91% from 77% in 2012, and 77% of Turkey’s population started to live in metropolitan areas. This paper analyses the demographic, administrative, local governmental changes brought by the new system, and tries to make clear its wider context in terms of late AKP government’s economic and urban policies, and authoritarian tendencies.
References
<p align="justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13px; font-family: Cambria">Adıgüzel, Ş. & Tek, M (2014) 6360 Sayılı Yasa ve Türkiye’nin Büyükşehir Belediyesi Sisteminde Değişim: Hatay Örneği, Çağdaş Yerel Yönetimler, 23(3), pp. 73-102.
Akça, İ., Bekmen, A. & Özden, B.A. (eds) (2014) Turkey Reframed: Constituting Neoliberal Hegemony (London: Pluto Press).
Akkoç, R. (2015) Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan: I want to be like Queen of UK, The Telegraph, available at: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/turkey/11380355/Turkish-president-Recep-Tayyip-Erdogan-I-want-to-be-like-Queen-of-UK.html (April 15, 2015).
Alada, A. (2012) Forum on New Metropolitan Municipal Legislation (Istanbul: Istanbul University, Faculty of Political Science, Public Administration Department).
Alkan, A. (2011) Strengthening Local Democracy or Neo-Liberal Conversions? New Local Governmental Legislation in Turkey, Lex Localis - Journal of Local Self-Government, 9(1), pp. 23-38.
Alkan, A. & Salman, C. (2015) The Repercussions of Gezi in the Context of Relations Between (Urban) Space, Citizens, and Local/Central Governments, In: Güneş, K. & Harun, A. (eds) Theoretical and Political Challenges of the Gezi Resistance (Bremen: Wiener Verlag für Sozialforschung).
Andrews, R. & Endwistle, T. (2014) Public Sector Efficiency: Reframing the Debate (New York: Routledge).
Aulisch, C. (2011) Consolidation in Local Government: A Fresh Look (szdnez: ACELG).
Arıcı, F. (2014) Kırsal Yerleşmelerin Üst Kademe Merkezlerle olan Ticaret ve Hizmet İlişkisi Üzerine Bir Araştırma: Bağbaşı-Pehlivanlı ve Serdarlı Örneği, Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 34(7), pp.302-213.
Balkan, N., Balkan, E. & Öncü, A. (eds.) (2015) The Neoliberal Landscape and the Rise of Islamist Capital in Turkey (New York: Berghahn).
Baldersheim, H. & Rose, E. L. (eds.) (2010) Territorial Choice: The Politics of Boundaries and Borders (Houndsmills: Palgrave).
Bilgiç, E. E. & Kafkaslı, Z. (2013) Gencim, Özgürlükçüyüm, Ne İstiyorum? ( İstanbul: Bilgi Üniversitesi).
Brenner, N. & Nick, T. (eds.) (2002) Spaces of Neoliberalism: Urban Restructuring in North America and Western Europe (Oxford: Blackwell).
Bruff, I. (2012) Authoritarian Neoliberalism, the Occupy Movements, and IPE, Journal of Critical Globalisation Studies, 5, pp 114-116.
Camp, R. A. (1978) Urbanization, Participation & Authoritarianism in Latin America, Polity, 10(4), pp. 568-573.
Coşar, S. & Yücesan Özdemir, G. (eds.) (2012) Silent Violence: Neoliberalism, Islamist Politics and the AKP Years in Turkey (Ottawa: Red Quill Books).
Cox, K. (ed.) (1997) Spaces of Globalization: Reasserting the Power of the Local (New York: Guilford Press).
Çavuşoğlu, E. & Strutz, J. (2014) Producing Force and Consent: Urban Transformation and Corporatism in Turkey, City: Analysis of Urban trends, Culture, Theory, Policy, Action, 18(2), pp. 134-148.
Christie-Miller, A. (2014) Erdogan's Grand Construction Projects are Tearing Istanbul Apart, Newsweek (August, 21, 2015), available at http://www.newsweek.com/2014/08/08/erdogans-grand-construction-projects-are-tearing-istanbul-apart-262102.html (April 14, 2015).
Colombo, J. (2014) Why The Worst is Still Ahead for Turkey's Bubble Economy, Forbes (May 3, 2014), available at: http://www.forbes.com/sites/jessecolombo/2014/03/05/why-the-worst-is-still-ahead-for-turkeys-bubble-economy/ (April 14, 2015).
Çavuşoğlu, E. & Strutz, J. (2014) Producing Force and Consent: Urban Transformation and Corporatism in Turkey, City: Analysis of Urban trends, Culture, Theory, Policy, Action, 18(2), pp. 134-148.
Denters, B., Goldsmith, M., Ladner, A., Mouriyen, P. E. & Rose, L. E. (2014) Size and Local Democracy (Chentelham: Edward Elgar).
Doğan, A. E. (2013) Kenti Azmanlaştırarak Birikim: Yeni Büyükşehir Yasasına Harvey’in Çerçevesinden Bakmak, available at http://www.e-hayalet.net/index.php/makale-sections-614/170-oenemli-makaleler/kenti-azmanlast-rarak-birikim-yeni-bueyueksehir-yasas-na-harvey-in-cercevesinden-bakmak (June 13, 2014).
Dombey, D. (2014) Six Markets to Watch: Turkey. How Erdogan Did It -- and Could Blow It, Foreign Affairs, available at: http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/140338/daniel-dombey/six-markets-to-watch-turkey (April 15, 2015).
Duru, B. (2013) Büyükşehir Yasa Tasarısı ve Kent Hakkı, Bianet, 8 October 2012, available at: http://www.bianet.org/bianet/kent/141531-buyuksehir-tasarisi-ve-kent-hakki (January 13, 2015).
Eliçin, Y. (2014) Neoliberal Transformation of the Turkish City through the Urban Transformation Act, Habitat International, 41, pp. 150–155, doi: 10.1016/j.habitatint.2013.07.006.
Eliçin, Y. (2014) Neoliberal Transformation of the Turkish City through the Urban Transformation Act, Habitat International, 41, pp. 150–155, doi: 10.1016/j.habitatint.2013.07.006.
Ellis, R. (2013) Turkey: A House Divided, available at: http://www.gatestoneinstitute.org/4026/turkey-divided (January 13, 2015).
Fisher Onar, N. (2009) Neo Ottomanism, Historical Legacies and Turkish Foreign Policy (Ankara: EDAM Discussion Paper Series).
Finkel, A. (2014) Corruption Scandal Taints Turkish Construction, FT (May 6, 2014), available at: http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/68196132-cc98-11e3-ab99-00144feabdc0.html#axzz3X6o5mBob (April 15, 2015).
Genç, F. N. (2014) 6360 Sayılı Kanun ve Aydın’a Etkileri, Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 1, pp. 1-29.
Girit, S. (2014) A state crisis in Turkey? BBC News (January 7, 2014), available at: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-25643222 (April 15, 2015).
Gündoğdu, İ. (2009) Kentsel Dönüşüm ve TOKİ: Yeniden Dağıtımcı Kentsel Siyasalardan Birikim Amaçlı Otoriter-Devletçi Kentleşmeye Geçiş”, İktisat, 499, pp. 70-78.
Gürcan, E. C. & Efe, P. (2015) Challenging Neo-liberalism at Turkey’s Gezi Park (New York: Palgrave Macmillan).
Gürsel, K. (2014) Erdogan's $350M Presidential Palace, Al-Monitor (September 14, 2014), http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/09/turkey-erdogan-white-palace-presidential-residence.html# (April 17, 2015).
İMECE (2013) The Urban Roots of Gezi, Istanbul, available at: http://www.toplumunsehircilikhareketi.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=292:the-urban-roots-of-gezi-istanbul&catid=8:makaleler&Itemid=15 (January 13, 2015).
INTES (2014) Report on the Construction Sector, available at: http://www.intes.org.tr/content/MArt-2014.pdf (April 18, 2015).
Harvey, D. (2006) Spaces of Global Capitalism (London: Verso).
HRW (2014) Turkey: Authoritarian Drift Threatens Rights, available at: http://www.hrw.org/news/2014/09/29/turkey-authoritarian-drift-threatens-rights, (January 13, 2015).
Karagel, H. & Üçeçam Karagel, D. (2013) Administrative Geography Analysis of Legislation No. 6360 Regarding Metropolitan Municipalities in Turkey (2012) 3rd International Geography Symposium, GEOMED2013, 10-13 June 2013, Antalya, Turkey.
Karaman, O. (2014) Urban Neoliberalism with Islamic Characteristics, Urban Studies, 50(16), pp. 3412-3427.
Karasu, M. A. (2013) 6360 Sayılı Büyükşehir Belediye Kanunu ve Olası Etkileri - Şanlıurfa Örneği, Gazi Üniversitesi İ.İ.B.F. Dergisi, 15(1), pp. 1-17.
Keleş, R. (2009) Yerinden Yönetim ve Siyaset (İstanbul: Cem).
Kızılboğa Özaslan, R. & Akıllı, H. (2015) Etkin ve Verimli Hizmet, Katılım ile Mali ve Fiziki Yeterlilik Algısının Belediye Tüzel Kişiliğinin Kaldırılmasına İlişkin Tutum Üzerindeki Etkisini Belirlemeye Yönelik Bir Araştırma, International Periodical For the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic, 10(2), pp. 611-630.
Kuymulu, M B. (2013) Reclaiming the Right to the City: Reflections on the Urban Uprisings in Turkey, City: Analysis of Urban Trends, Culture, Theory, Policy, Action, 17(3), pp. 274-278.
Kuyucu, T. & Danış, D. (2015) Similar Processes, Divergent Outcomes: A Comparative Analysis of Urban Redevelopment Projects in Three Turkish Cities, Urban Affairs Review, 51(3), pp. 381-413.
Kuyucu, T. & Ünsal, Ö. (2010) 'Urban Transformation' as State-led Property Transfer: An Analysis of Two Cases of Urban Renewal in Istanbul, Urban Studies, 47(7), pp. 1479-1499.
Leitner, H., Peck, J. & Shepherd, E. S. (eds.) (2007) Contesting Neoliberalism: Urban Frontiers (New York: The Guilford Press).
Lovering, J. & Türkmen, H. (2011) Bulldozer Neo-liberalism in Istanbul: The State-led Construction of Property Markets, and the Displacement of the Urban Poor, International Planning Studies, 16(1), pp. 73-96.
Lowen, M. (2014) Turkey's Erdogan Battles 'Parallel State', BBC News (December 17, 2014), available at: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30492348 (April 15, 2015).
Massicard, E. (2014) A Decade of AKP Power in Turkey: Towards a Reconfiguration of Modes of Government? (Paris: CERI).
Meligrana, J. (2004) Redrawing Local Government Boundaries: An International Study of Politics, Procedures, and Decisions (Vancouver: UBC Press).
Mengi, A. & Çınar, T. (2015) Transformation of Rural Areas into Urban Areas in Turkey after 1980s, In: Heperle, E. (ed) Challenges for Governance Structures in Urban and Regional Development (Zürich: VDF), pp. 49-58.
Mihr, A. (2010) Urbanization and Human Rights, Paper presented at 2009 Amsterdam Conference on the Human Dimensions of Global Environmental Change, available at:. http://www.anjamihr.com/resources/Urbanization$2BHuman+Rights-AnjaMihr.pdf, (April 15, 2015).
Özsalmanlı, A. Y. & Pank, Ç. (2014) Muğla’da Büyükşehir Belediyesi Yapılanması Sürecine İlişkin Bir Değerlendirme, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi S. 29, pp. 1-26.
Pattnayak, S. R. (1996) Globalization, Urbanization and the State: Selected Studies on Contemporary Latin America (Lanham: University Press of America).
Peck, J. & Tickell, A. (2002) Neoliberalizing Space, Antipode, 34(3), pp. 380–404.
Rodeheffer, L. (2013) A Vast Network of Corruption is Upending Turkey's Government As Three More Officials Resign, Business Insider (december 25, 2013), available at: http://www.businessinsider.com/corruption-networks-in-turkey-2013-12#ixzz3XO16bXUG (April 15, 2015).
Saraçoğlu, C. & Demirtaş Milz, N. (2014) Disasters as an Ideological Strategy for Governing Neoliberal Urban Transformation in Turkey: Insights from Izmir/Kadifekale, Disasters, 38(1), pp.178–201.
Schleifer, Y. (2013), Is Turkey Becoming a "Constructocracy"? Eurasia (May 9, 2013), avaiable at: http://www.eurasianet.org/node/66949 (January 13, 2015).
Sengupta, A. (2014) Eurasianism or Neo-Ottomanism: The Neighborhood in Turkish Foreign Policy, In: Sengupta, A. (ed) Myth and Rhetoric of the Turkish Model (Pune: Springer India), pp 75-100.
Tansel, C. B. (2014) Reports of Turkey’s Authoritarianism are not Greatly Exaggerated, available at: https://www.opendemocracy.net/arab-awakening/cemal-burak-tansel/reports-of-turkey%E2%80%99s-authoritarianism-are-not-greatly-exaggerated (January 13, 2015).
Tatar, D. (2012) The AKP's Delirious Spaces: Enjoying the Notions of Construction and Architecture in Neoliberal Turkey, MA Thesis in Cultural Studies (İstanbul: Sabancı University).
Tomas, M. (2012) Exploring the Metropolitan Trap: The Case of Montreal, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 36(3), pp. 554–567.
Türkmen, H. (2011) Debates on Right to the City in Istanbul, Paper presented at the International RC21 Conference: The Struggle to Belong: Dealing with Diversity in 21st Century Urban Settings, Amsterdam.
Vetter, A. & Kersting, N. (eds.) (2003) Reforming Local Government in Europe (Opladen: Leske & Budrich).
Wallace, Jeremy L. (2014) Cities and Stability: Urbanization, Redistribution, and Regime Survival in China (New York: Oxford University Press).
Zeynalov, M. (2015) Turkey’s Economy is Teetering on the Edge, Al Arabiya News (February 13, 2015), available at: http://english.alarabiya.net/en/views/news/middle-east/2015/02/13/Turkey-s-economy-is-teetering-on-the-edge.html (April 17, 2015).
Zunino, H. M. (2006) Power Relations in Urban Decision-making: Neo-liberalism, ‘Techno-politicians’ and Authoritarian Redevelopment in Santiago, Chile, Urban Studies, 43, pp. 1825-1846.</span></p>
Akça, İ., Bekmen, A. & Özden, B.A. (eds) (2014) Turkey Reframed: Constituting Neoliberal Hegemony (London: Pluto Press).
Akkoç, R. (2015) Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan: I want to be like Queen of UK, The Telegraph, available at: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/turkey/11380355/Turkish-president-Recep-Tayyip-Erdogan-I-want-to-be-like-Queen-of-UK.html (April 15, 2015).
Alada, A. (2012) Forum on New Metropolitan Municipal Legislation (Istanbul: Istanbul University, Faculty of Political Science, Public Administration Department).
Alkan, A. (2011) Strengthening Local Democracy or Neo-Liberal Conversions? New Local Governmental Legislation in Turkey, Lex Localis - Journal of Local Self-Government, 9(1), pp. 23-38.
Alkan, A. & Salman, C. (2015) The Repercussions of Gezi in the Context of Relations Between (Urban) Space, Citizens, and Local/Central Governments, In: Güneş, K. & Harun, A. (eds) Theoretical and Political Challenges of the Gezi Resistance (Bremen: Wiener Verlag für Sozialforschung).
Andrews, R. & Endwistle, T. (2014) Public Sector Efficiency: Reframing the Debate (New York: Routledge).
Aulisch, C. (2011) Consolidation in Local Government: A Fresh Look (szdnez: ACELG).
Arıcı, F. (2014) Kırsal Yerleşmelerin Üst Kademe Merkezlerle olan Ticaret ve Hizmet İlişkisi Üzerine Bir Araştırma: Bağbaşı-Pehlivanlı ve Serdarlı Örneği, Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 34(7), pp.302-213.
Balkan, N., Balkan, E. & Öncü, A. (eds.) (2015) The Neoliberal Landscape and the Rise of Islamist Capital in Turkey (New York: Berghahn).
Baldersheim, H. & Rose, E. L. (eds.) (2010) Territorial Choice: The Politics of Boundaries and Borders (Houndsmills: Palgrave).
Bilgiç, E. E. & Kafkaslı, Z. (2013) Gencim, Özgürlükçüyüm, Ne İstiyorum? ( İstanbul: Bilgi Üniversitesi).
Brenner, N. & Nick, T. (eds.) (2002) Spaces of Neoliberalism: Urban Restructuring in North America and Western Europe (Oxford: Blackwell).
Bruff, I. (2012) Authoritarian Neoliberalism, the Occupy Movements, and IPE, Journal of Critical Globalisation Studies, 5, pp 114-116.
Camp, R. A. (1978) Urbanization, Participation & Authoritarianism in Latin America, Polity, 10(4), pp. 568-573.
Coşar, S. & Yücesan Özdemir, G. (eds.) (2012) Silent Violence: Neoliberalism, Islamist Politics and the AKP Years in Turkey (Ottawa: Red Quill Books).
Cox, K. (ed.) (1997) Spaces of Globalization: Reasserting the Power of the Local (New York: Guilford Press).
Çavuşoğlu, E. & Strutz, J. (2014) Producing Force and Consent: Urban Transformation and Corporatism in Turkey, City: Analysis of Urban trends, Culture, Theory, Policy, Action, 18(2), pp. 134-148.
Christie-Miller, A. (2014) Erdogan's Grand Construction Projects are Tearing Istanbul Apart, Newsweek (August, 21, 2015), available at http://www.newsweek.com/2014/08/08/erdogans-grand-construction-projects-are-tearing-istanbul-apart-262102.html (April 14, 2015).
Colombo, J. (2014) Why The Worst is Still Ahead for Turkey's Bubble Economy, Forbes (May 3, 2014), available at: http://www.forbes.com/sites/jessecolombo/2014/03/05/why-the-worst-is-still-ahead-for-turkeys-bubble-economy/ (April 14, 2015).
Çavuşoğlu, E. & Strutz, J. (2014) Producing Force and Consent: Urban Transformation and Corporatism in Turkey, City: Analysis of Urban trends, Culture, Theory, Policy, Action, 18(2), pp. 134-148.
Denters, B., Goldsmith, M., Ladner, A., Mouriyen, P. E. & Rose, L. E. (2014) Size and Local Democracy (Chentelham: Edward Elgar).
Doğan, A. E. (2013) Kenti Azmanlaştırarak Birikim: Yeni Büyükşehir Yasasına Harvey’in Çerçevesinden Bakmak, available at http://www.e-hayalet.net/index.php/makale-sections-614/170-oenemli-makaleler/kenti-azmanlast-rarak-birikim-yeni-bueyueksehir-yasas-na-harvey-in-cercevesinden-bakmak (June 13, 2014).
Dombey, D. (2014) Six Markets to Watch: Turkey. How Erdogan Did It -- and Could Blow It, Foreign Affairs, available at: http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/140338/daniel-dombey/six-markets-to-watch-turkey (April 15, 2015).
Duru, B. (2013) Büyükşehir Yasa Tasarısı ve Kent Hakkı, Bianet, 8 October 2012, available at: http://www.bianet.org/bianet/kent/141531-buyuksehir-tasarisi-ve-kent-hakki (January 13, 2015).
Eliçin, Y. (2014) Neoliberal Transformation of the Turkish City through the Urban Transformation Act, Habitat International, 41, pp. 150–155, doi: 10.1016/j.habitatint.2013.07.006.
Eliçin, Y. (2014) Neoliberal Transformation of the Turkish City through the Urban Transformation Act, Habitat International, 41, pp. 150–155, doi: 10.1016/j.habitatint.2013.07.006.
Ellis, R. (2013) Turkey: A House Divided, available at: http://www.gatestoneinstitute.org/4026/turkey-divided (January 13, 2015).
Fisher Onar, N. (2009) Neo Ottomanism, Historical Legacies and Turkish Foreign Policy (Ankara: EDAM Discussion Paper Series).
Finkel, A. (2014) Corruption Scandal Taints Turkish Construction, FT (May 6, 2014), available at: http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/68196132-cc98-11e3-ab99-00144feabdc0.html#axzz3X6o5mBob (April 15, 2015).
Genç, F. N. (2014) 6360 Sayılı Kanun ve Aydın’a Etkileri, Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 1, pp. 1-29.
Girit, S. (2014) A state crisis in Turkey? BBC News (January 7, 2014), available at: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-25643222 (April 15, 2015).
Gündoğdu, İ. (2009) Kentsel Dönüşüm ve TOKİ: Yeniden Dağıtımcı Kentsel Siyasalardan Birikim Amaçlı Otoriter-Devletçi Kentleşmeye Geçiş”, İktisat, 499, pp. 70-78.
Gürcan, E. C. & Efe, P. (2015) Challenging Neo-liberalism at Turkey’s Gezi Park (New York: Palgrave Macmillan).
Gürsel, K. (2014) Erdogan's $350M Presidential Palace, Al-Monitor (September 14, 2014), http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/09/turkey-erdogan-white-palace-presidential-residence.html# (April 17, 2015).
İMECE (2013) The Urban Roots of Gezi, Istanbul, available at: http://www.toplumunsehircilikhareketi.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=292:the-urban-roots-of-gezi-istanbul&catid=8:makaleler&Itemid=15 (January 13, 2015).
INTES (2014) Report on the Construction Sector, available at: http://www.intes.org.tr/content/MArt-2014.pdf (April 18, 2015).
Harvey, D. (2006) Spaces of Global Capitalism (London: Verso).
HRW (2014) Turkey: Authoritarian Drift Threatens Rights, available at: http://www.hrw.org/news/2014/09/29/turkey-authoritarian-drift-threatens-rights, (January 13, 2015).
Karagel, H. & Üçeçam Karagel, D. (2013) Administrative Geography Analysis of Legislation No. 6360 Regarding Metropolitan Municipalities in Turkey (2012) 3rd International Geography Symposium, GEOMED2013, 10-13 June 2013, Antalya, Turkey.
Karaman, O. (2014) Urban Neoliberalism with Islamic Characteristics, Urban Studies, 50(16), pp. 3412-3427.
Karasu, M. A. (2013) 6360 Sayılı Büyükşehir Belediye Kanunu ve Olası Etkileri - Şanlıurfa Örneği, Gazi Üniversitesi İ.İ.B.F. Dergisi, 15(1), pp. 1-17.
Keleş, R. (2009) Yerinden Yönetim ve Siyaset (İstanbul: Cem).
Kızılboğa Özaslan, R. & Akıllı, H. (2015) Etkin ve Verimli Hizmet, Katılım ile Mali ve Fiziki Yeterlilik Algısının Belediye Tüzel Kişiliğinin Kaldırılmasına İlişkin Tutum Üzerindeki Etkisini Belirlemeye Yönelik Bir Araştırma, International Periodical For the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic, 10(2), pp. 611-630.
Kuymulu, M B. (2013) Reclaiming the Right to the City: Reflections on the Urban Uprisings in Turkey, City: Analysis of Urban Trends, Culture, Theory, Policy, Action, 17(3), pp. 274-278.
Kuyucu, T. & Danış, D. (2015) Similar Processes, Divergent Outcomes: A Comparative Analysis of Urban Redevelopment Projects in Three Turkish Cities, Urban Affairs Review, 51(3), pp. 381-413.
Kuyucu, T. & Ünsal, Ö. (2010) 'Urban Transformation' as State-led Property Transfer: An Analysis of Two Cases of Urban Renewal in Istanbul, Urban Studies, 47(7), pp. 1479-1499.
Leitner, H., Peck, J. & Shepherd, E. S. (eds.) (2007) Contesting Neoliberalism: Urban Frontiers (New York: The Guilford Press).
Lovering, J. & Türkmen, H. (2011) Bulldozer Neo-liberalism in Istanbul: The State-led Construction of Property Markets, and the Displacement of the Urban Poor, International Planning Studies, 16(1), pp. 73-96.
Lowen, M. (2014) Turkey's Erdogan Battles 'Parallel State', BBC News (December 17, 2014), available at: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30492348 (April 15, 2015).
Massicard, E. (2014) A Decade of AKP Power in Turkey: Towards a Reconfiguration of Modes of Government? (Paris: CERI).
Meligrana, J. (2004) Redrawing Local Government Boundaries: An International Study of Politics, Procedures, and Decisions (Vancouver: UBC Press).
Mengi, A. & Çınar, T. (2015) Transformation of Rural Areas into Urban Areas in Turkey after 1980s, In: Heperle, E. (ed) Challenges for Governance Structures in Urban and Regional Development (Zürich: VDF), pp. 49-58.
Mihr, A. (2010) Urbanization and Human Rights, Paper presented at 2009 Amsterdam Conference on the Human Dimensions of Global Environmental Change, available at:. http://www.anjamihr.com/resources/Urbanization$2BHuman+Rights-AnjaMihr.pdf, (April 15, 2015).
Özsalmanlı, A. Y. & Pank, Ç. (2014) Muğla’da Büyükşehir Belediyesi Yapılanması Sürecine İlişkin Bir Değerlendirme, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi S. 29, pp. 1-26.
Pattnayak, S. R. (1996) Globalization, Urbanization and the State: Selected Studies on Contemporary Latin America (Lanham: University Press of America).
Peck, J. & Tickell, A. (2002) Neoliberalizing Space, Antipode, 34(3), pp. 380–404.
Rodeheffer, L. (2013) A Vast Network of Corruption is Upending Turkey's Government As Three More Officials Resign, Business Insider (december 25, 2013), available at: http://www.businessinsider.com/corruption-networks-in-turkey-2013-12#ixzz3XO16bXUG (April 15, 2015).
Saraçoğlu, C. & Demirtaş Milz, N. (2014) Disasters as an Ideological Strategy for Governing Neoliberal Urban Transformation in Turkey: Insights from Izmir/Kadifekale, Disasters, 38(1), pp.178–201.
Schleifer, Y. (2013), Is Turkey Becoming a "Constructocracy"? Eurasia (May 9, 2013), avaiable at: http://www.eurasianet.org/node/66949 (January 13, 2015).
Sengupta, A. (2014) Eurasianism or Neo-Ottomanism: The Neighborhood in Turkish Foreign Policy, In: Sengupta, A. (ed) Myth and Rhetoric of the Turkish Model (Pune: Springer India), pp 75-100.
Tansel, C. B. (2014) Reports of Turkey’s Authoritarianism are not Greatly Exaggerated, available at: https://www.opendemocracy.net/arab-awakening/cemal-burak-tansel/reports-of-turkey%E2%80%99s-authoritarianism-are-not-greatly-exaggerated (January 13, 2015).
Tatar, D. (2012) The AKP's Delirious Spaces: Enjoying the Notions of Construction and Architecture in Neoliberal Turkey, MA Thesis in Cultural Studies (İstanbul: Sabancı University).
Tomas, M. (2012) Exploring the Metropolitan Trap: The Case of Montreal, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 36(3), pp. 554–567.
Türkmen, H. (2011) Debates on Right to the City in Istanbul, Paper presented at the International RC21 Conference: The Struggle to Belong: Dealing with Diversity in 21st Century Urban Settings, Amsterdam.
Vetter, A. & Kersting, N. (eds.) (2003) Reforming Local Government in Europe (Opladen: Leske & Budrich).
Wallace, Jeremy L. (2014) Cities and Stability: Urbanization, Redistribution, and Regime Survival in China (New York: Oxford University Press).
Zeynalov, M. (2015) Turkey’s Economy is Teetering on the Edge, Al Arabiya News (February 13, 2015), available at: http://english.alarabiya.net/en/views/news/middle-east/2015/02/13/Turkey-s-economy-is-teetering-on-the-edge.html (April 17, 2015).
Zunino, H. M. (2006) Power Relations in Urban Decision-making: Neo-liberalism, ‘Techno-politicians’ and Authoritarian Redevelopment in Santiago, Chile, Urban Studies, 43, pp. 1825-1846.</span></p>
Published
2015-07-31
Issue
Section
Conference Paper (Annual Conference 2020)
