Does Gender Matter? Determinants of Women’s Representation on Corporate Boards of Firms Owned by the Czech Statutory Cities

Authors

  • Pavel Maškarinec Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem, Philosophical Faculty

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.4335/17.4.961-984(2019)

Keywords:

women and politics, women’s representation, female leadership, local politics, board of directors, supervisory board, Czech Republic

Abstract

Using data on 26 large Czech municipalities, this paper looks at the extent to which political opportunity structure determines women’s descriptive representation on corporate boards of firms which are owned by Czech statutory cities, or more precisely on boards of directors and on supervisory boards. We show that women are significantly advantaged in municipalities where political environment (culture) is characterised with more “openness” to women (i.e. those with more women in city councils/city boards or especially those with female mayors). On the other hand, the effect of most other variables was contradictory or very small. One of the exceptions was municipality size, which decreased women’s descriptive representation on supervisory boards but at the same time increased their representation on boards of directors.

References

Anckar, C. (2000) Size and Party System Fragmentation, Party Politics, 6(3), pp. 305–328, https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068800006003003.

Balík, S. (2008) Česká komunální politika v obcích s rozšířenou působností. Koalice, voličské vzorce a politické strany na místní úrovni v letech 1994–2006 (Brno: CDK).

Balík, S. (2009) Komunální politika. Obce, aktéři a cíle místní politiky (Praha: Grada).

Balík, S., Gongala, P. & Gregor, K. (2015) Dvacet let komunálních voleb v ČR (Brno: CDK).

Bláha, P. (2017) Reprezentace žen na lokální úrovni: Kvalitativní komparativní analýza úspěšnosti žen v českých komunálních volbách 2014, Politické vedy, 20(3), pp. 150–167.

Browning, R., Marshall, D. & Tabb, D. (eds.) (2003) Racial politics in American cities (New York: Longman).

Bullock III., C. S. & MacManus, S. A. (1991) Municipal Electoral Structure and the Election of Councilwomen, Journal of Politics, 53(1), pp. 75–89, https://doi.org/10.2307/2131721.

CEMR (2008). Women in Local Politics in Europe. Figures from 34 European countries of CEMR’s membership. Brussels: Council of European Municipalities and Regions, available at: http://www.ccre.org/docs/pisa_women_in_local_politics_figures.pdf (January 5, 2019).

Crowder-Meyer, M., Kushner Gadarian, S & Troustine, J. (2015) Electoral institutions, gender stereotypes, and women’s local representation, Politics, Groups, and Identities, 3(2), pp. 318–334, https://doi.org/10.1080/21565503.2015.1031803.

Csachová, S. & Nestorová-Dická, J. (2011) Territorial Structure of Local Government in the Slovak Republic, the Czech Republic and the Hungarian Republic – A Comparative View, Geografický časopis, 63(3), pp. 209–225.

CZSO (2011) Population and housing census 2011 (Prague: Czech Statistical Office), available at: https://www.czso.cz/csu/sldb (Accessed June 7, 2015).

CZSO (2019) Czech Statistical Office’s Public Database (Prague: Czech Statistical Office), available at: http://vdb.czso.cz/vdbvo/en/uvod.jsp (January 5, 2019).

Dahl, R. A. & Tufte, E. R. (1973) Size and Democracy (Stanford: Stanford University Press).

Dahlerup, D. & Leyenaar, M. (2013) Breaking Male Dominance in Politics, In: Dahlerup, D. & Leyenaar, M. (eds.) Breaking Male Dominance in Old Democracies (Oxford: University Press), pp. 221–237.

Davies, K., Evans, M. & Lorber, J. (2006) Handbook of Gender and Womenʼs Studies (London: Sage).

DELOITTE (2017) Women in the boardroom: A global perspective, available at: https://www2.deloitte.com/global/en/pages/risk/articles/women-in-the-boardroom5th-edition.html (January 5, 2019).

Dwyer, S., Richard, O. C. & Chadwick, K. (2003) Gender diversity in management and firm performance: The influence of growth orientation and organizational culture, Journal of Business Research, 56(12), pp. 1009–1019, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0148-2963(01)00329-0.

Dytrt, Zdeněk a kol. (2014) Ženy a management: kreativita, inovace, etika, kvalitativní management (Brno: BizBooks).

Fox, R. L. & Lawless, J. L. (2005) To Run or Not to Run for Office: Explaining Nascent Political Ambition, American Journal of Political Science, 49(3), pp. 642–659, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2005.00147.x.

FÓRUM 50 % (2019) Databáze primátorek a starostek měst a obcí ČR, available at: http://padesatprocent.cz/cz/politicky/databaze-politicek/starostky (January 5, 2019).

Gipson, A. N., Pfaff, D. L., Mendelsohn, D. B., Catenacci, L. T. & Warner Burke, W. (2017) Women and Leadership: Selection, Development, Leadership Style, and Performance, Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 53(1), pp. 32–65, https://doi: 10.1177/0021886316687247.

Giger, N. (2009) Towards A Modern Gender Gap in Europe? A comparative analysis of voting behavior in twelve countries, The Social Science Journal, 46(3), pp. 474–492, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2009.03.002.

Gneezy, U., Niederle, M. & Rustichini, A. (2003) Performance in Competitive Environments: Gender Differences, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 118(3), pp. 1049–1074, https://doi.org/10.1162/00335530360698496.

GrantThornton (2018) Women in business 2018: beyond policy to progress, available at: https://www.grantthornton.es/en/insights/women-in-business-2018/women-in-business-beyond-policy-to-progress/ (January 5, 2019).

Heilman, M. E. (2001) Description and prescription: How gender stereotypes prevent women’s ascent up the organizational ladder, Journal of Social Issues, 57(4), pp. 657–674, https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-4537.00234.

Heilman, M. E., Block, C. J. & Martell, R. F. (1995) Sex stereotypes: Do they influence perceptions of managers?, Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 10(6), pp. 237–252.

Hoskovec, L. (2015) Typy českých komunálních stranických systémů, Evropská volební studia, 10(1), pp. 51–62.

Hoskovec, L. & Balík, S. (2010) Formáty českých lokálních stranických systémů, Evropská volební studia, 5(1), pp. 28–46.

Illner M. (2003) The Czech Republic 1990–2001. Successful reform at the municipal level and a difficult birth of the intermediary government, In: Baldersheim, H, Illner, M. & Wollmann, H. (eds.) Local Democracy in Post-Communist Europe (Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften), pp. 61–90.

IPU (2018) Women in Parliaments, available at: http://archive.ipu.org/wmn-e/world.htm (January 5, 2019).

Ishiyama, J. T. (2003) Women’s Parties in Post-Communist Politics, East European Politics and Societies, 17(2), pp. 266–304, https://doi.org/10.1177/0888325403017002005.

Janský, P., Krotil, K. & Pavlas, T. (2015) Bereme ženy na palubu. Analýza zastoupení žen a mužů ve vedení veřejných firem (Praha: Otevřená společnost/Národohospodářský ústav AV ČR/Byznys pro společnost)

Jüptner, P. (2004) Komunální koalice a politické modely, Politologická revue, 10(2), pp. 80–101.

Jüptner, P. (2008) Local Lists in the Czech Republic, In: Reiser, M. & Holtmann, E. (eds.) Farewell to the Party Model? Independent Local Lists in East and West European Countries (Baden-Baden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften), pp. 21–38.

Karnig, A. K., & Welch, S. (1979) Sex and Ethnic Differences in Municipal Representation, Social Science Quarterly, 60(3), pp. 465–481.

Kostelecký, T. & Krivý, V. (2015) Urbánno-rurálne rozdiely voličského správania v Česku a na Slovensku, Sociológia, 47(4), pp. 390–413.

Kouba, K., Nálepová, M. & Filipec, O. (2013) Proč jsou ženy v české politice podreprezentovány? Analýza kandidátních listin a volebního chování v Olomouckém kraji, Politologický časopis, 20(4), pp. 372–391, https://doi.org/10.5817/PC2013-4-372.

Krook, M. L. (2010) Women’s Representation in Parliament: A Qualitative Comparative Analysis, Political Studies, 58(5), pp. 886–908, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2010.00833.x.

Laakso, M. & Taagepera, R. (1979) Effective Number of Parties: A Measure with Application to West Europe, Comparative Political Studies, 12(1), pp. 3–27, https://doi.org/10.1177/001041407901200101.

Larkin, M. B., Bernardi, R. A. & Bosco, S. M. (2013) Does female representation on boards of directors associate with increased transparency and ethical behavior?, Accounting and the Public Interest, 13(1), pp. 132–150, https://doi.org/10.2308/apin-10374.

Magin, R. (2013) Women in local assemblies – rare guests or (almost) equal partners?, In: Pini, B. & McDonald, P. (eds.) Women and Representation in Local Government. International case studies (Oxon: Routledge), pp. 37–55.

Marks, G. & Hooghe, L. & Nelson, M. & Edwards, E. (2006) Party Competition and European Integration in the East and West Different Structure, Same Causality, Comparative Political Studies, 39(2), pp. 155–175, https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414005281932.

Maškarinec, P. (2015) Nationalisation of the Czech Local Party System: Case Study of the 2010 Local Elections in Municipalities with Extended Powers, Sociológia, 47(6), pp. 625–656.

Maškarinec, P. (2016) Determinants of Women’s Descriptive Representation on the City Boards of the Czech Statutory Cities after the Local Elections of 2014, Slovak Journal of Political Science, 16(2), pp. 113–133, https://doi.org/10.1515/sjps-2016-0006.

Maškarinec, P. & Klimovský, D. (2016) Independent Candidates in the Local Elections of 2014 in the Czech Republic and Slovakia: Analysis of Determinants of Their Successfulness, Lex Localis – Journal of Local Self-Government, 14(4), pp. 853–871, https://doi.org/10.4335/14.4.853-871(2016).

Maškarinec, P. & Klimovský, D. (2017) Determinants of Women’s Descriptive Representation in the 2014 Czech and Slovak Local Elections, Lex Localis – Journal of Local Self-Government, 15(3), pp. 387–410, https://doi.org/10.4335/15.3.387-410(2017).

Maškarinec, P., Klimovský, D. & Danišová, S. (2018) Politická reprezentace žen na pozicích starostek v Česku a na Slovensku v letech 2006–2014: Srovnávací analýza faktorů úspěšnosti, Sociologický časopis, 54(4), pp. 529–560, https://doi.org/10.13060/00380288.2018.54.4.413.

Matland, R. E. (1998) Women’s Representation in National Legislatures: Developed and Developing Countries, Legislative Studies Quarterly, 23(1), pp. 109–125, https://doi.org/10.2307/440217.

Matland, R. E. & Studlar, D. T. (1996) The contagion of women candidates in single-member district and proportional representation electoral systems: Canada and Norway, Journal of Politics, 58(3), pp. 707–734, https://doi.org/10.2307/2960439.

Navarro, C. & Medir, L. (2016) Patterns of gender representation in councils at the second tier of local government: Assessing the gender gap in an unexplored institutional setting, In: Bertrana, X., Enger, B. & Heinelt, H. (eds.) Policy Making at the Second Tier of Local Government in Europe: What is happening in provinces, counties, départements and landkreise in the on-going re-scalling of statehood? (Abingdon: Routledge), pp. 111–132.

Nekhili, M., Chakroun, H. & Chtioui, T. (2016) Women’s Leadership and Firm Performance: Family Versus Nonfamily Firms, Journal of Business Ethics, 153(2), pp. 291–316, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-016-3340-2.

Newton, K. (1982) Is Small Really so Beautiful? Is Big Really so Ugly? Size, Effectiveness, and Democracy in Local Government, Political Studies, 30(2), pp. 190–206, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.1982.tb00532.x.

Norris, P. (1987) Politics and Sexual Equality: The Comparative Position of Women in Western Democracies (Boulder: Lynne Rienner).

Norris, P. (2002). Democratic Phoenix. Reinventing Political Activism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

Norris, P. & Lovenduski, J. (eds.) (1993) 1993. Gender and Party Politics (London: Sage Publications).

Ondercin, H.L. & Welch, S. (2009) Comparing predictors of women’s congressional election success, American Politics Research, 37(4), pp. 593–613, https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673X08325198.

Ortbals, C. D., Rinckery, M. & Montoya, C. (2011) Politics Close to Home: The Impact of Meso-level Institutions on Women in Politics, Publius: The Journal of Federalism, 42(1), pp. 78–107, https://doi.org/10.1093/publius/pjr029.

Pande, R. & Ford, D. (2011) Gender Quotas and Female Leadership (Washington: World Bank).

Paustian-Underdahl, S. C., Walker, L. S. & Woehr, D. J. (2014) Gender and perceptions of leadership effectiveness: A meta-analysis of contextual moderators, Journal of Applied Psychology, 99(6), pp. 1129–1145, https://doi.org/.

Paxton, P. (1997) Women in National Legislatures: A Cross-National Analysis, Social Science Research, 26(4), pp. 442–464, https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036751.

Pini, B. & McDonald, P. (eds.) (2011) Women and Representation in Local Government (New York/London: Routledge).

Regulska, J., Fried, S. & Tiefenbacher, J. (1991) Women, Politics and Place: Spatial Patterns of Representation in New Jersey, Geoforum, 22(2), pp. 203–221, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7185(91)90008-E.

Rule, W. (1987) Electoral Systems, Contextual Factors and Women’s Opportunity for Election to Parliament in Twenty-Three Democracies, Western Political Quarterly, 40(3), pp. 477–498, https://doi.org/10.2307/448386.

Ryšavý, D. (2006) Komunální je komunální a velká je velká! K hypotéze politizace lokálních politických elit, Sociologický časopis, 42(5), pp. 953–970.

Ryšavý, D. & Bernard, J. (2013) Size and Local Democracy: the Case of Czech Municipal Representatives, Local Government Studies, 39(6), pp. 833–852, https://doi.org/10.1080/03003930.2012.675329.

Ryšavý, D. & Šaradín, P. (2010) Straníci, bezpartijní a nezávislí zastupitelé na českých radnicích, Sociologický časopis, 46(5), pp. 719–743

Schaffner, B. F., Streb, M. & Wright, G. (2001) Teams without Uniforms: The Nonpartisan Ballot in State and Local Elections, Political Research Quarterly, 54(1), pp. 7–30, https://doi.org/10.2307/449205.

Siaroff, A. (2000) Women’s Representation in Legislatures and Cabinets in Industrial Democracies, International Political Science Review, 21(2), pp. 197–215, https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512100212005.

Smith, A., Reingold, B. & Owens, M.L. (2012) The Political Determinants of Women’s Descriptive Representation in Cities, Political Research Quarterly, 65(2), pp. 315–329, https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912910395327.

Spicer, Z., McGregor, M. & Alcantara, C. (2017) Political opportunity structures and the representation of women and visible minorities in municipal elections, Electoral Studies, 48, pp. 10–18, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2017.01.002.

Spáč, P., Voda, P., Balík, S. & Pink, M. (2018) Politika vykrmování na regionální úrovni. Případ dotací pro obce ve Středočeském kraji. Sociologický časopis, 54(4), pp. 499–528, https://doi.org/10.13060/00380288.2018.54.4.412.

Stockemer, D. (2008) Women’s Representation in Europe – A Comparison Between the National Parliaments and the European Parliament, Comparative European Politics, 6(4), pp. 463–485, https://doi.org/10.1057/cep.2008.2.

Stockemer, D. (2014) Women’s descriptive representation in developed and developing countries, International Political Science Review, 36(4), pp. 393–408, https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512113513966.

Stubager, R. (2010) The Development of the Education Cleavage: Denmark as a Critical Case, West European Politics, 33(3), pp. 505–533, https://doi.org/10.1080/01402381003654544.

Sundström, A. (2013) Women’s local political representation within 30 European countries: A comparative dataset on regional figures (Göteborg: University of Gothenburg) , https://doi.org/.

Sundström, A. & Stockemer, D. (2015) What determines women’s political representation at the local level? A fine-grained analysis of the European regions, International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 56(3–4), pp. 254–274, https://doi.org/10.1177/0020715215595691.

Sztwiertnia, R. & Hellová, D. (2012) Ženy v lokální politice – případová studie obcí do tří tisíc obyvatel v Moravskoslezském kraji, Politologický časopis, 19(3), pp. 260–275.

Šaradín, P. (2004) Neparlamentní subjekty ve volbách do obecních zastupitelstev, Politologický časopis, 11(1), pp. 109–120.

Šprincová, V. (2014) Analýza výsledků voleb do zastupitelstev měst a obcí 2014 z hlediska zastoupení žen (Praha: Fórum 50%).

Trounstine, J. & Valdini, M. E. (2008) The Context Matters: The Effects of Single-Member versus At-Large Districts on City Council Diversity, American Journal of Political Science, 52(3), pp. 554–569, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2008.00329.x.

Trounstine, J. (2011) Evidence of a Local Incumbency Advantage, Legislative Studies Quarterly, 36(2), pp. 255–280, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-9162.2011.00013.x.

Vengroff, R., Nyiri, Z. & Fugiero, M. (2003) Electoral system and gender representation in sub-national legislatures: Is there a national–sub-national gender gap?, Political Research Quarterly, 56(2), pp. 163–173, https://doi.org/10.2307/3219895.

Víšek, T., Dohnalová, R. & Kráľová, U. (2012) Využití plného potenciálu žen v české ekonomice (Praha: McKinsey & Company).

Voda, P., Svačinová, P., Smolková, A. & Balík, S. (2017) Local and more local: Impact of size and organization type of settlement units on candidacy, Political Geography, 59, pp. 24–35, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2017.02.010.

Welch, S. & Karnig, A. K. (1979) Correlates of Female Office Holding in City Politics, The Journal of Politics, 41(2), pp. 478–491, https://doi.org/10.2307/2129774.

Published

2019-10-30

Issue

Section

Article